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Enhanced extracellular raw starch-degrading α-amylase production in Bacillus subtilis by promoter engineering and translation initiation efficiency optimization

Microbial Cell Factories volume 21, Article number: 127 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

A raw starch-degrading α-amylase from Pontibacillus sp. ZY (AmyZ1), previously screened by our laboratory, showed a promising application potential for starch-processing industries. However, the AmyZ1 secretory production still under investigation, which seriously restricts its application in the starch-processing industry. On the other hand, Bacillus subtilis is widely used to achieve the extracellular expression of target proteins.

Results

AmyZ1 secretory production was achieved in B. subtilis and was enhanced by promoter engineering and translation initiation efficiency optimization. First, based on the different phase-dependent promoters, the dual-promoter PspoVG–PspoVG142 was constructed by combining dual-promoter engineering and promoter modification. The corresponding strain BZd34 showed an extracellular AmyZ1 activity of 1437.6 U/mL during shake flask cultivation, which was 3.11-fold higher than that of the original strain BZ1 (PgroE). Then, based on translation initiation efficiency optimization, the best strain BZd343 containing optimized 5'-proximal coding sequence (opt3) produced the highest extracellular α-amylase activity of 1691.1 U/mL, which was 3.65-fold higher than that of the strain BZ1. Finally, cultivation of BZd343 in 3-L fermenter exhibited an extracellular AmyZ1 activity of 14,012 U/mL at 48 h, with productivity of 291.9 U/mL·h.

Conclusions

This is the first report of recombinant expression of AmyZ1 in B. subtilis and the expression level of AmyZ1 represents the highest raw starch-degrading α-amylase level in B. subtilis to date. The high-level expression of AmyZ1 in this work provides a foundation for its industrial production. The strategies used in this study also provide a strategic reference for improving the secretory expression of other enzymes in B. subtilis.

Background

α-Amylase (EC3.2.1.1) is the enzyme that catalyze the hydrolysis of α-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides in a random manner while releasing reducing groups [1]. It belongs to the family of GH13, GH57, GH119, and GH126 and has been widely applied in food, fermentation, textile, and papermaking industries [2, 3]. Starch is a critical natural raw material for the industrial production of bioethanol, organic acids, amino acids, and other products. Liquefaction with α-amylase is an essential step in starch-processing [4]. Traditional starch liquefaction is carried out by thermostable α-amylase at a high temperature of 95–105 °C [5]. However, this method is not conducive to saving production costs because it consumes much energy. By contrast, directly hydrolyzing the raw starch using raw starch-degrading α-amylase (RSDA) below the gelatinization temperature (40 °C) generates more interest [6]. For example, using RSDA in a low temperature to digest raw starch could bring about 10–20% reduction in energy consumption compared to the traditional starch conversion processes [5].

Thus far, although many RSDAs have been identified, little of them exhibit high specific activity toward raw starches [7]. In addition, the production of RSDAs with high substrate affinities and high specific activities toward raw starches remains a great challenge [6]. In our previous study, we reported a novel RSDA from Pontibacillus sp. ZY (named AmyZ1) with broad substrate specificity towards different raw starches at low temperatures (about 35 °C) and higher specific activity than other reported RSDAs [8]. Such properties make AmyZ1 an ideal candidate for the raw starch industry. However, when using Escherichia coli as a recombination production host, AmyZ1 primarily presents as insoluble inclusion bodies, thus hampers its industrial application. Therefore, choosing a suitable expression host for AmyZ1 soluble extracellular production is beneficial to promote its industrial application.

Compared to E. coli, Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive model bacterium with the advantages of strong protein secretion ability, easy to achieve soluble extracellular expression of proteins, and non-pathogenicity [9]. Therefore, B. subtilis has been an attractive strain for various industrial enzyme production [10]. However, there are still factors that limit the high-level expression of the target proteins in B. subtilis, such as secretion of multiple proteases, lack of strong promoter and efficient signal peptide (SP), and inefficient translation [11,12,13]. Many strategies have been developed to improve the recombinant expression level of target proteins in B. subtilis, such as host strain optimization [14], promoter and signal peptide optimization [15], and translation initiation efficiency optimization [16].

As a transcription-related regulatory factor, the promoter plays an important role in protein production [17]. Currently, promoters used in B. subtilis mainly include constitutive promoters and inducible promoters. Compared with constitutive promoters, inducible promoters have less influence on the growth of strains because they can control the expression cycle of target proteins. In past decades, many kinds of inducible promoter systems have been explored, such as tightly inducible expression systems induced by chemicals [18] and auto-inducible expression systems [19]. Compared with the chemical-dependent systems, auto-inducible phase-dependent expression systems without supernumerary inducers attracted much more attention because of their practical applications in the flexible and dynamic regulation of pathway genes [20]. In previous work, endogenous phase-dependent promoters of B. subtilis were divided into four classes (class I: exponential phase; class II: middle-log and early stationary phases; class III: lag-log and stationary phases; class IV: stationary phase) [21]. To date, auto-inducible phase-dependent promoters have also been successfully applied to high-level extracellular expression of the target proteins in B. subtilis. For example, the extracellular amidase activities mediated by phase-dependent promoters PlytR (class III), PspoVG (class II), PaprE (class I), PyvyD (class II), PftsH (class II), and PamyE (class III) were 1.22-, 1.41-, 1.39-, 1.38-, 1.29-, and 1.46-fold higher than that mediated by widely used constitutive promoter P43, respectively [22].

Current research shows that constructing tandem promoters based on single promoters is an effective method to obtain novel high-efficiency strong promoters suitable for improving the extracellular expression of target proteins in B. subtilis [22]. The efficient extracellular expression of many target proteins is achieved in B. subtilis using the dual-promoter systems [17, 23]. For example, using the optimized dual-promoter PBsamy-PBaamy, the alkaline serine protease (BcaPRO) activity in B. subtilis was 2.1- and 1.5-fold higher than those of strains with the promoters PBsamy and PBaamy, respectively [17]. Likewise, the aminopeptidase (AP) activity mediated by dual-promoter PHpaII-PgsiB was 2.3- and 2.2-fold higher than those of the promoters PHpaII and PgsiB, respectively [24].

In addition to the existing promoters, mutation of the promoter core regions such as − 35, − 16, − 10, and + 1 regions are also a practical approach to obtain the novel efficient promoters [25]. Currently, there are many reports on improving the extracellular expression level of the target proteins in B. subtilis by mutating the promoter core regions [26]. For example, the extracellular caseinolytic activity mediated by P2069M, obtained by improving the − 35 and − 10 regions of the promoter P2069, was twofold higher than that mediated by the promoter P2069 [26]. The β-galactosidase activity mediated by promoter PP3510, obtained by changing the − 35 and − 10 regions of the promoter Pylb, was ninefold higher than that mediated by the promoter Pylb [25].

Apart from optimizing the transcription level of target genes, improving its translation efficiency is also an effective strategy to enhance the extracellular expression of target proteins in B. subtilis [27]. Many studies have shown that the secondary structures of mRNA present at the translation initiation region, including 5′-untranslated region and 5′-proximal coding sequence, greatly impact on the gene translation initiation efficiency [28]. Previous studies have reported that the recombinant expression level of the target proteins in B. subtilis can be improved by optimizing the translation initiation efficiency [13, 29]. For example, when a mutation occurred at the 5′-untranslated region of mRNA, the extracellular diacetylchitobiose deacetylase activity of the corresponding strain was 82-fold higher than that of the original strain [29]. Furthermore, the protein expression level of the best strain obtained by substituting synonymous codons at 5′-proximal coding sequence of mRNA was 530-fold higher than that of the original strain [30]. Nowadays, the tools like the ViennaRNA Web Services, UTR Designer, and RBS calculator are developed to predict mRNA secondary structures. Therefore, optimizing the mRNA secondary structure of the translation initiation region by software may be an effective means to improve the target protein secretory expression in B. subtilis [31].

In this study, AmyZ1 was first expressed extracellularly in B. subtilis. Then, AmyZ1 production was enhanced by promoter engineering strategies, including screening phase-dependent promoters, constructing dual-promoters, and modifying promoters. Next, the 5′-proximal coding sequence predicated by UTR Designer was used to optimize translation initiation efficiency of the AmyZ1 coding gene. Finally, the resulting B. subtilis recombinant strain was cultured in 3-L fermenters to verify its ability to produce AmyZ1. Sketch map of the above strategies could see in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Sketch map of the strategies for enhancing the AmyZ1 production

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Results and discussion

Biochemical characterization of AmyZ1 expressed by B. subtilis WB600

In our previous study, AmyZ1 expressed in recombinant E. coli existed in the form of inclusion bodies [8]. In order to avoid this situation, the expression strain BZ1 was constructed by transforming B. subtilis WB600 with the recombinant vector pBHE, which contained the gene AmyZ1. After 48 h of fermentation in shake flasks, the extracellular AmyZ1 activity of BZ1 was 462.9 U/mL. Then, the AmyZ1 was successfully purified using the Ni-NAT system from the culture supernatant, which was verified by SDS-PAGE (Additional file 1: Fig. S1).

The biochemical characterization of recombinant AmyZ1 produced by E. coli had been determined, and it exhibited “cold-active” and broad pH catalytic abilities, suitable for the application in the starch-processing industry [8]. To verify whether AmyZ1 expressed in B. subtilis retained these excellent characteristics expressed in E. coli, its biochemical properties of AmyZ1 expressed in B. subtilis were determined. The specific activity of AmyZ1 expressed in B. subtilis toward raw rice was 16,773 U/mg (Additional file 1: Table S1) which was 1.32-fold higher than that of AmyZ1 expressed in E. coli (12,621 U/mg) [8]. This difference may be due to the denaturation and renaturation process required to obtain active AmyZ1 using E. coli [8], which may have a certain impact on the AmyZ1 structure, but this process can be effectively avoided when AmyZ1 is soluble extracellular expressed in B. subtilis.

In addition, the optimum pH and temperature of AmyZ1 produced by recombinant B. subtilis are 7.0 and 40 °C, respectively (Fig. 2A, B). Furthermore, the recombinant AmyZ1 maintained 80% and 75% activity at pH 5.5–7.5 and temperature 30–50 °C, respectively (Fig. 2A, B). In the absence of calcium ions, the half-life of the recombinant AmyZ1 produced by B. subtilis at pH 6.0 and temperature 20 °C was 50 and 120 min (Fig. 2C, D), respectively, which increased by about 35 and 105 min compared with those produced by E. coli under the same conditions, respectively [8].

Fig. 2
figure 2

Effects of pH and temperature on AmyZ1 activity and stability. A The optimum pH. B The optimum temperature. C Effect of pH on enzyme stability. The purified enzyme was incubated in 50 mM Na2HPO4-KH2PO4 buffer (pH 6.0–7.0) at 30 °C. D Effect of temperature on enzyme stability. The purified enzyme was incubated in Na2HPO4-KH2PO4 buffer (50 mM, pH 6.5) at 20 to 35 °C. With raw rice starch as the substrate. Error bars represent standard deviation

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In conclusion, the biochemical characteristics of recombinant AmyZ1 produced by B. subtilis were basically consistent with those produced by E. coli, even better in specific activity and low-temperature stability. These results suggested that AmyZ1 produced by B. subtilis is still suitable for application in the starch-processing industry.

Promoter optimization for extracellular expression of AmyZ1 in B. subtilis

The recombinant expression levels of AmyZ1 mediated by original promoter PgroE (σA), the widely used constitutive promoter P43 (σAB), and four endogenous phase-dependent promoters including PspoVG (σH, class II), PsecA (σA, class III), PodhA (σA, class III), and PlytR (σAX, class III) in B. subtilis were investigated, respectively, to obtain an efficient promoter. The six plasmids containing different promoters pBHE (PgroE), pBHP (P43), pBHS (PspoVG), pBHA (PsecA), pBHO (PodhA), and pBHL (PlytR) were constructed (Fig. 3A) and transformed into B. subtilis WB600 to generate strains BZ1, BZ2, BZ3, BZ4, BZ5, and BZ6, respectively. After 48 h of fermentation in shake flasks, the extracellular AmyZ1 activities of strains BZ1 to BZ6 were 462.9, 701.8, 952.6, 114.5, 98.3, and 159.4 U/mL, respectively (Fig. 3B). To further verify the results shown above, the shake flask fermentation supernatant proteins of different recombinant strains were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Fig. 3C). The thickness of the appropriate bands (around 55 kDa) was consistent with the AmyZ1 activities.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Effect of the single promoter optimization on the extracellular AmyZ1 expression. A Sketch of plamids construction. B The extracellular activities and cell densitities of strains with different single promoters. Error bars represent standard deviation. C SDS-PAGE analysis of AmyZ1. The target proteins were marked with arrow. D The AmyZ1 relative transcription level of all strains containing different promoters. Error bars represent standard deviation

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As shown in Fig. 3B, the extracellular AmyZ1 activity of strain BZ3 containing PspoVG was the highest (952.6 U/mL), which was 2.06- and 1.36-fold higher than those of strains BZ1 and BZ2 containing PgroE (462.9 U/mL) and P43 (701.8 U/mL, p < 0.01), respectively. Similar to our results, the amidase activity and pullulanase activity mediated by promoter PspoVG were 1.41- and 1.37-fold higher than those mediated by promoter P43, respectively [22, 32], suggesting that the phase-dependent promoter PspoVG might be a strong promoter that could be used in other expression systems.

To investigate whether the extracellular AmyZ1 activities of different recombinant strains were related to the transcriptional intensity of their promoters, their AmyZ1 mRNA levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The AmyZ1 mRNA levels of the strain BZ3 (PspoVG) were 3.03-, 3.17-, and 1.06-fold higher than those of strain BZ1 at 12, 24, and 48 h (p < 0.05), respectively (Fig. 3D). The AmyZ1 mRNA levels of the strain BZ3 (PspoVG) were also 1.69-, 1.76-, and 1.74-fold higher than those of strain BZ2 containing widely used promoter P43 at 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively. These results were consistent with the corresponding AmyZ1 expression levels (Fig. 3B).

The AmyZ1 activities mediated by the promoters PsecA, PodhA, and PlytR were 114.5, 98.3, and 159.4 U/mL, respectively, lower than that mediated by promoter PspoVG (952.6 U/mL) (Fig. 3B). However, this result was inconsistent with the previous work, where the four promoters mediated similar fluorescent intensities. The fluorescent intensities mediated by promoters PspoVG, PsecA, PodhA, and PlytR were about 28,000, 22,000, 23,000, and 30,000 units, respectively [21]. Indeed, almost no specific promoter is effective in various expression systems. This phenomenon may be caused by differences in the 5´-proximal coding sequence of the genes because their changes may affect the secondary structure of the mRNA, thus causing changes in translation initiation efficiency [33].

As for the reason why the AmyZ1 transcription levels of all strains (BZ1 to BZ6) decreased first then increased (Fig. 3D), it suggested that some factors such as pH, temperature, and other factors may influence the transcription strength of the promoters [22, 34, 35]. Because the AmyZ1 activities of strains BZ1, BZ2, and BZ3 were higher than those of the other three strains BZ4, BZ5, and BZ6 (Fig. 3B), the corresponding promoters PgroE, P43, and PspoVG were employed in the subsequent experiments.

Dual-promoter optimization for extracellular expression of AmyZ1 in B. subtilis

To explore the application potential of using dual-promoter engineering to improve the expression level of AmyZ1 in B. subtilis, several dual-promoter plasmids were constructed based on the single promoter optimization results. Since the single promoter adjacent to the target gene has a greater effect on the transcriptional activity of the dual-promoter [22], the promoters PgroE, P43, and PspoVG were fused to the 5´-end of promoter PspoVG, generating plasmids pBHES (PgroE-PspoVG), pBHPS (P43-PspoVG), and pBHSS (PspoVG-PspoVG), respectively. These plasmids were then transformed into B. subtilis WB600, generating the strains BZd1, BZd2, and BZd3, respectively.

As shown in Fig. 4A, the extracellular AmyZ1 activities of strains BZd1, BZd2, and BZd3 were 838, 971.6, and 1139.8 U/mL after 48 h of fermentation in shake flasks, respectively. Among them, the strain BZd3 containing dual-promoter PspoVG-PspoVG showed the highest activity, which was 1.19-fold higher than that of strain BZ3 (952.6 U/mL, p < 0.01) containing promoter PspoVG. SDS-PAGE analysis further confirmed the above results (Fig. 4B). Furthermore, the quantitative real-time PCR results of different recombinant strains showed that the AmyZ1 mRNA level of the BZd3 strain containing dual-promoter PspoVG-PspoVG was higher than those of other strains containing single promoters (BZ1 to BZ6) or dual-promoters (BZd1 and BZd2) during the whole fermentation stage (Fig. 3D). This may be why the extracellular AmyZ1 activity of strain BZd3 was higher than those of other strains (BZ1, BZ2, BZ3, BZ4, BZ5, BZ6, BZd1, and BZd2). In previous studies, it was reported that the extracellular amidase (Bm-Ami) activity mediated by the dual promoter PamyE-P43 (99.34 U/mL) was 1.8- and 2.63-fold higher than those mediated by promoters PamyE (55.19 U/mL) and P43 (37.78 U/mL), respectively, and the Bm-Ami mRNA transcription level of the strain containing dual-promoter PamyE-P43 was higher than those of strains containing promoters PamyE and P43 throughout the fermentation stage [22]. Therefore, it indicated that the higher enzyme activity mediated by dual-promoters may be due to the increase in its transcription level.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Shake flask culture of the recombinant strains mediated by the dual-promoters for AmyZ1 production. A The extracellular activities and cell densities of strains with different dual-promoters. Error bars represent standard deviation. B SDS-PAGE analysis of AmyZ1. The target proteins were marked with arrow

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In this study, the extracellular AmyZ1 activities of strains BZd1 (PgroE-PspoVG), BZd2 (P43-PspoVG), and BZd3 (PspoVG-PspoVG) containing dual-promoters were not the simple addition of the results seen with strains BZ1 (PgroE), BZ2 (P43), and BZ3 (PspoVG) containing the corresponding single promoters. In addition, only dual-promoter PspoVG-PspoVG mediated higher AmyZ1 activity than that mediated by PspoVG. In previous work, it was reported that only two of six dual-promoters mediated higher aminopeptidase activities than that mediated by the best single promoter and it indicated that the promoter origin influenced the cooperativity of the dual-promoter [24]. Besides that, another explanation for this result may be that the extracellular AmyZ1 activity is related to other factors, such as the translational efficiency of the mRNA.

Compared with the other strains containing single promoters, however, the biomass of strain BZd3 (PspoVG-PspoVG) decreased (Figs. 3B, 4A). This result is consistent with the previous finding that the maximum cell biomass of strains with dual-promoters (BL10/pPylB-P43-GFP, BL10/pPgsiB-P43-GFP, and BL10/pPykzA-P43-GFP) were all decreased [23]. Meanwhile, the fluorescence intensities produced by these strains containing dual-promoter were higher than that of strain with single promoter (BL10/pP43-GFP) and it was attributed to the increases in metabolic burdens in the strains with dual-promoters [23]. Therefore, the reduced biomass of strain BZd3 in this study may also be related to the increased metabolic burdens.

The three superior single promoters PgroE, P43, and PspoVG were inserted upstream of the best promoter PspoVG to construct dual-promoters PgroE-PspoVG, P43-PspoVG, and PspoVG-PspoVG. The AmyZ1 activities difference mediated by these dual-promoters was lower than that of the corresponding single promoters. For example, the AmyZ1 activities mediated by PgroE and PspoVG were 462.9 and 952.6 U/mL, respectively, and the AmyZ1 activities mediated by PgroE-PspoVG and PspoVG-PspoVG were 838 and 1139.8 U/mL, respectively. The enzyme activity mediated by PspoVG is 2.06 times that mediated by PgroE, while the enzyme activity mediated by PspoVG-PspoVG is only 36% higher than that mediated by PgroE-PspoVG. In previous works, a similar result was that the six dual-promoters with the same downstream promoter PamyQ' also showed a weaker activity difference than that of single promoters [36]. And they attributed this result to the fact that the transcriptional strength of the dual-promoters was dominated by the promoter adjacent to the heterologous gene [36]. It may be the same phenomenon for the dual-promoters constructed in this study.

In addition, the promoter PspoVG was identified as a class II promoter (middle-log and early stationary phases) with poor performance at stationary phase [21]. However, the AmyZ1 mRNA level of the best dual-promoter PspoVG-PspoVG at 48 h was highest throughout the fermentation stage (Fig. 3D). In previous study, the expression levels of aminopeptidase mediated by promoters PHpaII and PgsiB increased in the late exponential and stationary phases, respectively, however, the dual-promoter PHpaII–PgsiB exhibited sharply increased expression at both the exponential and stationary phases, suggesting that the dual-promoter PHpaII–PgsiB might possess a novel property of the promoter combination [24]. Therefore, based on the above results, we speculated that the dual-promoter PspoVG-PspoVG constructed in this work may also possess a novel property of the promoter combination.

However, the extracellular AmyZ1 activity of strain BZd1 (838 U/mL) with dual-promoter PgroE-PspoVG was lower than that of strain BZ3 (952.6 U/mL) with the promoter PspoVG. What is more, the AmyZ1 mRNA level of strain BZd1 was also lower than that of strain BZ3 at 36 and 48 h (p < 0.05) Similarly, the extracellular aminopeptidase (AP) activities of strains BSG21, BSG23, BSG25, and BSG26 containing the dual-promoters PHpaII-PHpaII, PHpaII-P43, PHpaII-Pluxs, and PHpaII-PaprE were 3.6, 5.1, 9.2, and 15.7 U/mL, respectively, lower than that of the strain BSG11 (31.9 U/mL) containing the single promoter PHpaII [24]. These phenomena indicated that compared with the single promoters, the dual-promoters might not be practical for enhancing the extracellular production of the target proteins in B. subtilis under certain circumstances. It may be caused by factors such as the types of sigma factors and 5'-untranslation region sequences of genes [22, 29].

Dual-promoter PspoVG-PspoVG modification for extracellular expression of AmyZ1 in B. subtilis

Based on the results of Yang et al. [21], the promoter PspoVG was selected to use in this study (approximately 300 bp). However, it was much longer than that reported by Zuber et al. [37] (the core region was approximately 90 bp). To ensure the peculiarity of phase-dependent promoter PspoVG, two truncated promoters PspoVG1 (120 bp) and PspoVG2 (180 bp) were cloned into plasmid pBHSS and resultant plasmids pBHSS1 (PspoVG-PspoVG1) and pBHSS2 (PspoVG-PspoVG2) were transformed further into B. subtilis WB600. The resulting recombinant strains BZd31 and BZd32 showed extracellular AmyZ1 activities of 1178.6 and 1232.3 U/mL (Fig. 5A), respectively, after 48 h of fermentation in shake flasks. Compared with the extracellular AmyZ1 activity of the strain BZd3 (1139.8 U/mL), although there was no significant change in strain BZd31 (p > 0.05), there had an 8% increase in strain BZd32 (p < 0.05). In addition, the AmyZ1 mRNA levels of strain BZd32 were 1.29-, 2.72-, and 1.45-fold higher than those of strain BZd3 at 12 (p < 0.05), 36, and 48 h (p < 0.01), respectively (Fig. 3D). Therefore, this suggests that appropriate truncation of promoter upstream sequence may be an effective method to improve protein expression level because the promoter’s truncation may remove the response regions of some regulatory factors [38].

Fig. 5
figure 5

Effect of the dual-promoters modification on the extracellular AmyZ1 expression. A The extracellular activities and cell densities of strains with different modified dual-promoters. Error bars represent standard deviation. B SDS-PAGE analysis of AmyZ1. The target proteins were marked with arrow

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Since the single mutation C to T of the promoter PspoVG at AT box can prevent the binding of AbrB repressor [39], we mutated PspoVG to generate promoter PspoVG42. Then, the five plasmids pBHSS3 (PspoVG-PspoVG42), pBHSS4 (PspoVG-PspoVG142), pBHSS5 (PspoVG-PspoVG242), pBHSS6 (PspoVG42-PspoVG142), and pBHSS7 (PspoVG42-PspoVG242) were constructed based on PspoVG42, PspoVG1, and PspoVG2 and transformed into B. subtilis WB600 to obtain recombinant strains BZd33, BZd34, BZd35, BZd36, and BZd37, respectively. After 48 h of fermentation in shake flasks, the extracellular AmyZ1 activities of strains BZd33 to BZd37 were 1385, 1437.6, 1130.5, 1247.4, and 1344.6 U/mL, respectively (Fig. 5A). These results were consistent with the SDS-PAGE (Fig. 5B).

Notably, the strain BZd34 containing the promoter PspoVG-PspoVG142 exhibited the highest AmyZ1 activity, which was 1.25-fold higher than that of strain BZd31 (1178.6 U/mL, p < 0.01). In addition, the AmyZ1 mRNA levels of strain BZd34 were 1.19-, 1.74-, 1.37-, and 1.62-fold higher than those of strain BZd31 at 12 (p < 0.001), 24, 36 (p < 0.001), and 48 h, respectively (Fig. 3D). These results suggested that the transcriptional strength of promoter PspoVG-PspoVG142 was enhanced by changing the core region of promoter PspoVG-PspoVG1, which might be an important reason why the extracellular AmyZ1 activity of strain BZd34 was higher than that of strain BZd31. This result was in accordance with previous finding that the β-galactosidase activity (about 7000 miller units) mediated by promoter PNBP3510, obtained by changing the UP element, − 35, and − 10 regions of the promoter Pylb, was 26-fold higher than that mediated by the promoter Pylb and the highest transcription level of promoter PNBP3510 was 340-fold stronger than that of promoter Pylb [25].

In the previous study, the strategies of dual-promoter construction included combining different single promoters, changing the position of a promoter and so on [22, 36]. In this study, a novel strategy that combined traditional dual-promoter construction with mutating the core region of the promoter was used to enhance the extracellular expression of AmyZ1 in B. subtilis. The resulting modified dual-promoters PspoVG-PspoVG2 (1232.3 U/mL), PspoVG-PspoVG42 (1385 U/mL), PspoVG-PspoVG142 (1437.6 U/mL), PspoVG42-PspoVG142 (1247.4 U/mL), and PspoVG42-PspoVG242 (1344.6 U/mL) mediated higher AmyZ1 activities than that mediated by original dual-promoter PspoVG-PspoVG (1139.8 U/mL) (all p < 0.05), indicating that this method may be an effective strategy to improve the strength of dual-promoter.

Optimization of translation initiation efficiency for extracellular expression of AmyZ1 in B. subtilis

As an important element of the gene 5′-end mRNA secondary structure, 5′-proximal coding sequences strongly affects gene translation efficiency [33]. Thus, it was an effective approach to optimize the translation efficiency by changing the 5′-proximal coding sequences [13]. To increase the free energy of AmyZ1 mRNA secondary structure, the sequences of the first 11 codons of SPamyQ were changed according to the prediction results of UTR Designer (see “Materials and methods”). The five plasmids pBHSS8, pBHSS9, pBHSS10, pBHSS11, and pBHSS12 containing the optimized 5'-proximal coding sequences (named opt1, opt2, opt3, opt4, and opt5, respectively) were transformed into B. subtilis WB600, generating strains BZd341, BZd342 BZd343, BZd344, and BZd345, respectively. The AmyZ1 activities of strains BZd341 to BZd345 were 1345, 1003.4, 1691.1, 995, and 1078.2 U/mL after 48 h of fermentation in shake flasks, respectively (Fig. 6A). SDS-PAGE analysis further confirmed this result (Fig. 6B). Among them, strain BZd343 exhibited the highest AmyZ1 activity, which was 1.18-fold higher than that of strain BZd34 (1437.6 U/mL, p < 0.01).

Fig. 6
figure 6

Effect of 5´-proximal coding sequence optimization on the extracellular AmyZ1 expression. A The extracellular activities and cell densities of strain with different optimization sequences. Error bars represent standard deviation. B SDS-PAGE analysis of AmyZ1. The target proteins were marked with arrow

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Based on the dual-promoter PspoVG-PspoVG142, only the optimized opt3 sequence had a positive effect on AmyZ1 expression. However, when replacing dual-promoter PspoVG-PspoVG142 with the single promoter PspoVG, all the five optimization sequences (opt1, opt2, opt3, opt4, and opt5, respectively) positively affected AmyZ1 expression (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). The AmyZ1 activities of the strains containing the five optimized sequences were 1.28- to 1.42-fold higher than that of the strain containing the original sequence, respectively, under single promoter mediation (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). This suggested that the strategy of optimizing translation initiation efficiency used in our study may involve only one of several important steps in the complex protein biosynthesis processes or the prediction was not accurate enough to the dual-promoter system because the prediction only contains about 25 bp upstream of the start codon.

In previous works, many researchers have tried to improve the RSDA production in different expression hosts using various strategies [40, 41]. For example, the recombinant RSDA activity produced by Laceyella sacchari LP175 was increased to 181.1 U/mL by medium optimization [42]. The AmyZ3 activity produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BAZ3-16 with the in vitro methylation was 288.70 U/mL [41]. Using E. coli BL21 as the host, the recombinant Blamy-I activity reached 409.5 U/mL [43], which was the highest RSDA activity in shake flasks fermentation reported in the current literature as far as we know. In comparison, the RSDA activity of strain BZd343 was 1691.1 U/mL, which was 4.12-fold higher than that of the recombinant strain E. coli BL21 [43].

Production of AmyZ1 in 3-L fermenter

To investigate the effects of promoter engineering and translation initiation efficiency optimization on the AmyZ1 extracellular expression in B. subtilis, the recombinant strains BZ1 (original strain) and BZd343 (optimized strain) were cultured in 3-L fermenters, respectively. The fed-batch strategy was used to obtain high cell density and high AmyZ1 activity in this study. During the fermentation process, the AmyZ1 activity in fermentation supernatants of strain BZ1 reached the maximum of 4097.8 U/mL at 36 h with productivity of 113.8 U/mL·h (Fig. 7A). The AmyZ1 activity of strain BZd343 reached the maximum of 14,012 U/mL at 48 h with productivity of 291.9 U/mL·h (Fig. 7A), which were 3.42- and 2.57-fold higher than those of strain BZ1, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis further confirmed those results (Fig. 7B, C).

Fig. 7
figure 7

Scale-up (3-L) fermentation of the recombinant strains for AmyZ1 production. A The AmyZ1 activities and cell density at different times of strain BZ1 and BZd343. The squares represent AmyZ1 activity, and the circles represent cell density. Error bars represent standard deviation. B, C SDS-PAGE analysis of AmyZ1 in the supernatant at different time of strains BZ1 and BZd343, respectively. The target proteins were marked with arrow

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In a previous study, Tang et al. [41] reported the highest RSDA activity produced by the strain B. amyloliquefaciens BAZ3-16 in 5-L fermenter, which was 386.03 U/mL with productivity of 6.43 U/mL·h. In this study, the RSDA activity (14,012 U/mL) and productivity (291.9 U/mL·h) of strain BZd343 in 3-L fermenter were 36- and 45.4-fold higher than those of strain B. amyloliquefaciens BAZ3-16 [41], respectively. Although this is the highest recombinant expression level that has been reported for RSDA in B. subtilis, in order to meet the requirements of industrial applications better, follow-up strategies such as feed medium component or feed process optimization can be used to improve further the ability of the strain BZd343 to produce AmyZ1.

Conclusions

The strategies of promoter engineering and translation initiation efficiency optimization successfully enhanced the secretory expression of AmyZ1 in B. subtilis. In this study, six single promoters were chose to evaluated their performances on AmyZ1 expression in shake-flask. The promoter PspoVG mediated the highest AmyZ1 activity (952.6 U/mL). Three dual-promoters were constructed and screened under identical conditions. The dual-promoter PspoVG-PspoVG showed the highest extracellular AmyZ1 activity (1139.8 U/mL). The modified promoter PspoVG-PspoVG142 further increased the AmyZ1 expression to 1437.6 U/mL. The AmyZ1 activities of the final recombinant strain BZd343 obtained by optimizing the 5'-proximal coding sequence were 1691.1 U/mL in shake flask culture and 14,012 U/mL in 3-L fermenter, respectively. It was the highest level of AmyZ1 secretory production in B. subtilis reported to date. This study thus provides an expression system with a potential for large-scale production of AmyZ1. This strategy might also be valuable for enhancing the production of other extracellular target proteins in B. subtilis.

Materials and methods

Strains, plasmids, and growth conditions

All strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table 1. E. coli JM109 was used as a host strain for plasmids construction. B. subtilis WB600 was used as a host strain for AmyZ1 expression.

Table 1 Strains and plasmids used in this study
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Luria–Bertani (LB) medium (1% tryptone, 1% NaCl, and 0.5% yeast extract) was used for seed culture and 2 × YT medium (1.6% tryptone, 0.5% NaCl, and 1% yeast extract) was used for B. subtilis shake flask fermentation. The seed culture was obtained by inoculating 5 mL of LB medium with 10 μL of bacterial solution from a glycerol tube cryopreserved at − 80 °C and incubated at 37 °C and 200 rpm for 10 h. The seed cultures (2%, v/v) were then transferred to 250 mL shake flasks containing 100 mL 2 × YT medium. Next, these cultures were incubated at 30 °C and 200 rpm for 48 h. The medium used in 3-L fermenter was modified 2 × YT medium, which included 2.4% tryptone, 0.75% NaCl, 1.5% yeast extract, and 1% glycerol. The feeding solution consisted of 40% glycerol, 6% tryptone, and 2% yeast extract. The optical density of recombinant strain at 600 nm (OD600) was measured by spectrophotometer (7200, UNICO, China). 30 mg/L kanamycin or 100 mg/L ampicillin was added when needed and 10 mM CaCl2 was added for B. subtilis shake flask fermentation and 3-L fermenter fermentation.

Construction of various plasmids

The primers used in this study are listed in Additional file 1: Table S2. All promoters used in this study are listed in Table 2. The sequences of all promoters used are listed in Additional file 1: Table S3. All the recombinant plasmids constructed in this work were confirmed by DNA sequencing (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China).

Table 2 Properties of promoters used for AmyZ1 expression
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The B. subtilis 168 and the Pontibacillus sp. ZY genomes were extracted using the rapid bacterial genomic DNA isolation kit (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China). The Pontibacillus sp. ZY genome was used as the template for cloning AmyZ1 (GenBank accession No. MH325467.1) using polymerase chain reactions (PCR) with the primers P1/P2. After being digested with BamH I and Xba I, the AmyZ1 gene was then ligated into plasmid pHT43 [44] to generate plasmid pHT43-AmyZ1.

The plasmids containing different single promoters were constructed as follows. Firstly, the fragment of promoter PgroE was cloned from pHT43 using the primers P3/P4. The fragment of promoter P43 was cloned from pBEP43 [45] using the primers P5/P6. The fragments of promoters PspoVG, PsecA, PodhA, and PlytR were cloned from B. subtilis 168 genome using the primers P7/P8, P9/P10, P11/P12, and P13/P14, respectively. One fragment derived from pHT43-AmyZ1 containing ribosome binding site, SPamyQ, and AmyZ1, was cloned using the primers P15/P16. Another fragment derived from pBEP43 containing B. subtilis ori and kan gene was cloned using the primers P17/P18. Then, these two fragments were ligated by overlap PCR to generate a backbone plasmid fragment. Finally, the various promoters and the backbone plasmid fragment were ligated using POE-PCR [46], generating plasmids pBHE (PgroE), pBHP (P43), pBHS (PspoVG), pBHA (PsecA), pBHO (PodhA), and pBHL (PlytR), respectively.

Based on corresponding templates, the upstream promoters PgroE, P43, and PspoVG were cloned using the primers P3/P19, P5/P20, and P21/P22, respectively. Then, these three promoters were combined with PspoVG to generate dual-promoter PgroE-PspoVG, P43-PspoVG, and PspoVG-PspoVG, respectively. Finally, using the methods mentioned above, the three dual-promoters were ligated with backbone plasmid fragment to generate plasmids pBHES (PgroE-PspoVG), pBHPS (P43-PspoVG), and pBHSS (PspoVG-PspoVG), respectively.

The modified dual-promoters were constructed based on the plasmid pBHSS, including truncation and mutation of promoter PspoVG. Two truncated promoters, PspoVG1 and PspoVG2, were cloned from B. subtilis 168 genome using primers P23/P25 and P24/P26, respectively. They deleted a 180 bp and 120 bp sequence compared with the original promoter PspoVG, respectively. These two promoters were then combined with promoter PspoVG to generate plasmids pBHSS1 (PspoVG-PspoVG1) and pBHSS2 (PspoVG-PspoVG2), respectively. The promoter PspoVG42 was obtained by overlapping the two fragments cloned from B. subtilis 168 genome using primers P21/P28 and P27/P6, respectively. The promoter PspoVG was then combined with PspoVG42 to generate plasmid pBHSS3 (PspoVG-PspoVG42). Combining two strategies mentioned above, we constructed four plasmids containing different dual-promoters, named pBHSS4 (PspoVG-PspoVG142), pBHSS5 (PspoVG-PspoVG242), pBHSS6 (PspoVG42-PspoVG142), and pBHSS7 (PspoVG42-PspoVG242), respectively. All recombinant plasmids were transformed into B. subtilis WB600 following the method of Anagnostopoulos and Spizizen [47].

The optimization sequences of the 5′-proximal coding sequence of SPamyQ (designated as opt1 to opt5) were amplified from plasmid pBHSS4 using P29/P16, P30/P16, P31/P16, P32/P16, and P33/P16 as primers, respectively. The backbone plasmid fragment was amplified from plasmid pBHSS4 using P17/P34 as primers. Then, this backbone plasmid fragment and five optimization sequences were combined by POE-PCR to generate plasmids pBHSS8 (opt1), pBHSS9 (opt2), pBHSS10 (opt3), pBHSS11 (opt4), and pBHSS12 (opt5), respectively.

Analysis of AmyZ1 activity

The activity of AmyZ1 was determined using the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay method as described by Fang et al. [8], in which the reaction temperature was changed to 40 °C.

Purification and biochemical properties determination of AmyZ1

The AmyZ1 was expressed in recombinant strain B. subtilis WB600 containing plasmid pBHE and then purified using the Ni-NAT system. The optimum temperature of AmyZ1 was determined at temperatures ranging from 20 to 70 °C. The optimum pH of AmyZ1 was assayed by measuring the activity in pH ranging from 5.0 to 10.0 at 40 °C using HAc-NaAc buffer (50 mM, pH 5.0–6.0), Na2HPO4-KH2PO4 buffer (50 mM, pH 6.0–7.5), Tris–HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 7.5–9.0), and Glycine–NaOH buffer (50 mM, pH 9.0–10), respectively. The highest activities of AmyZ1 were considered as 100% in the optimum temperature and optimum pH experiments, respectively. The thermostability of AmyZ1 was determined by incubating the AmyZ1 in Na2HPO4-KH2PO4 buffer (50 mM, pH 7.0) at temperatures ranging from 20 to 35 °C without Ca2+. The pH stability of AmyZ1 was determined by dispersing the AmyZ1 at pH 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 without Ca2+, and the residual activities were measured at appropriate intervals. The initial activities of AmyZ1 were considered as 100% in the thermostability and pH stability experiments, respectively.

Optimizing the translation initiation efficiency

Firstly, the 5'-proximal coding sequence of SPamyQ was predicted by UTR Designer (https://sbi.postech.ac.kr/utr_designer/) [48] using its forward engineering mode to generate different optimization sequences. The 5'-end mRNA secondary structures of the best 24 optimization sequences were then calculated by the ViennaRNA Web Services (http://rna.tbi.univie.ac.at/cgi-bin/RNAWebSuite/RNAfold.cgi). The five optimized sequences (designated as opt1 to opt5) were finally obtained after removing the sequences containing the hairpin at the first 13 nucleotide residue of sequences (Table 3).

Table 3 Optimized 5′-proximal coding sequence used in this study
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Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)

The supernatant samples were mixed with 2 × loading buffer. The resulting mixtures were then heated at 100 °C for 10 min and evaluated with 12% polyacrylamide gel. The gel was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250.

Quantitative real-time PCR

Total RNAs of samples were isolated using the Bacteria Total RNA Isolation Kit (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China). Then, the cDNA was obtained using The Evo M-MLV RT Kit (AG, Hunan, China). The obtained cDNA was used as template for qPCR to measure the transcription level of gene AmyZ1 with the 16S rRNA gene as the reference. The AmyZ1 and 16S rRNA genes were amplified from the cDNA obtained above with primers P35/P36 and P37/P38, respectively. The reactions were carried out in the 96-well plates using SYBR Green Premix Pro Taq HS qPCR Kit (AG, Hunan, China) on a LightCycler 96 Real-Time PCR system (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) according to the manufacturer's protocols. The thermal cycling conditions contained an initial denaturation step (30 s at 95 °C); 50 cycles of denaturation (5 s at 95 °C); primer annealing and elongation (30 s at 60 °C); and a melt-curve step (0.3 °C/s, from 60 to 95 °C). The data was analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCt methodology [49].

Fermentation in 3-L fermenters

The seed culture was grown in a 250 mL shake flask containing 60 mL 2 × YT medium supplemented with 30 mg/L kanamycin at 37 °C and 200 rpm for 12 h. 3-L Fermenter (Eppendorf BioFlo 115, New Brunswick Scientific Co., Edison, NJ, USA) containing 1.2 L fermentation medium was then inoculated with the seed culture (5%, v/v). The dissolved oxygen tension was controlled by automatically adjusting the speed of the stirrer and airflow rate (2.0–5.0 L/min). The temperature was kept at 30 °C, and the pH was controlled at 7.0 using NH4OH and HCl. After fermentation about 10 h, the initial glycerol was consumed. Then, the fed-batch cultivation started with a feeding speed of 0–18 g glycerol per hour to maintain a glycerol concentration of 0.2 to 1.0 g/L. Samples were withdrawn every 4 h and centrifuged at 12,000×g for 10 min at 4 °C to obtain the culture supernatants.

Analytic methods

All experiments were conducted independently in triplicate. Data was presented as the average ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was conducted using Student’s t-test and differences resulting in p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its Additional files.

Abbreviations

POE-PCR:

Prolonged overlap extension polymerase chain reaction

RBS:

Ribosome binding site

RSDA:

Raw starch-degrading α-amylase

SP:

Signal peptide

UTR:

Untranslated region

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Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2018YFC0311106), the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Anhui Province (2008085J12), the Science and Technology Major Project of Anhui Province (202103a06020006), the Doctoral Research Start-up Funding of Anhui University (S020318003/006).

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Author notes

  1. He Li and Dongbang Yao contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

    He Li, Dongbang Yao, Yan Pan, Xin Chen, Zemin Fang & Yazhong Xiao

  2. Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

    He Li, Dongbang Yao, Yan Pan, Xin Chen, Zemin Fang & Yazhong Xiao

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  1. He Li
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Contributions

HL and DBY designed the project, carried out experiments and drafted the manuscript. YP and XC carried out experiments. YZX and ZMF supervised the project and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zemin Fang or Yazhong Xiao.

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Additional file 1: Fig. S1

SDS-PAGE analysis of AmyZ1 purified using Ni-NAT system. Fig. S2 Effect of the 5'-proximal coding sequence optimization on the extracellular AmyZ1 expression. Table S1 Purification of AmyZ1. Table S2 Primers used in this study. Table S3 The sequences of different promoters used in this study.

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Li, H., Yao, D., Pan, Y. et al. Enhanced extracellular raw starch-degrading α-amylase production in Bacillus subtilis by promoter engineering and translation initiation efficiency optimization. Microb Cell Fact 21, 127 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-022-01855-9

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Keywords

Microbial Cell Factories

ISSN: 1475-2859

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