Fig. 3

Resveratrol production using engineered strains under heterotrophic conditions. (A) Strategies for increased malonyl-CoA availability and resveratrol synthesis. The strategies used in this study including the overexpression of ACC, addition of cerulenin and disruption of PHB synthetic pathway are stated as red colors. The dashed lines indicates omitted reaction steps. The abbreviations are as follows: ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; DHAP, 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosanate-7-phosphate; FAS, fatty acid synthesis. (B) Resveratrol production using the CR-1 strain with or without cerulenin supplementation. (C) Cell growth and (D) resveratrol production using the CR-2, CR-3, and CR-4 strains. Cells were grown in either nitrogen-rich MM medium (solid lines, dark purple) containing 10 g/L fructose and 1 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄ or nitrogen-limiting MM (dashed lines, light purple) containing 10 g/L fructose and 0.5 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄. The MM medium was supplemented with 5 mM tyrosine for resveratrol synthesis. The resveratrol titer was measured at the end of 96 h-fermentation. Error bars represent the standard deviation from three biological replicates. Student’s two-tailed t-test was performed to determine the significance of differences (*, p < 0.05)