Fig. 1

Ammonium sulfate significantly improved the lignocellulose degradation of T. harzianum. a Growth of WT in rice straw medium with different ammonium sulfur addition (T1: 0%, T2: 0.5%, T3: 1.0%); b The hyphae biomass of T1, T2, and T3. Notably, the biomass of hyphae growing on straw was determined by absolute qPCR. c Extracellular proteins from each treatment (T1, T2, T3) were solubilized by using 10 mL PBS buffer, and 40 μL were subjected to SDS-PAGE and silver-stained. d The FPA of T1, T2, and T3. e The growth of WT, OE-Thatps, and OE-Thalt on MM + straw, and the strains were cultured at 28 ℃ for 4 days. f Relative to WT, and Thatps was 44-folds up-regulated in OE-Thatps, Thalt was 44-folds up-regulated in OE-Thalt. g Biomass of WT, OE-Thatps, and OE-Thalt. h FPA of WT, OE-Thatps, and OE-Thalt. Bars represented mean ± SEM, with n = 3 biological repeats; red dots resembled values from individual experiments. Student’s t-testing was conducted in (b, d, g, h). ***significant difference to WT at two-tailed P = 0.000 (b, T2), 0.000 (b, T3); **significant difference to WT at two-tailed P = 0.005 (d, T2), 0.001 (d, T3), 0.007 (g, OE-Thalt), 0.003 (h, OE-Thatps), 0.001 (h, OE-Thalt); *significant difference to WT at two-tailed P = 0.014 (g, OE-Thatps)