Fig. 4

Effect of dR expression and light irradiation on cell growth and intracellular ATP content. S. cerevisiae harboring vacuoles without and with dR were cultured under dark (5 µmol photons/m²/s) and light (100 µmol photons/m²/s) conditions. a Time course of the cell concentration (OD₆₀₀). The yellow and blue lines indicate the yeast harboring vacuoles without and with dR, respectively. The solid and dotted lines indicate cultivation under dark and light conditions, respectively. The triangle indicates the sampling point at 16 h for ATP measurement. b The relative intracellular ATP content extracted from the yeast harboring vacuoles without and with dR. “D” and “L” indicate cultivation under dark and light conditions, respectively. Means and standard deviations are shown (n = 3). Double asterisks represent significant differences compared with yeast harboring vacuoles without dR under dark conditions in the t-test (p < 0.01)