Fig. 3

Time course of the proton concentration converted from the pH value. a Time course of the proton concentration with the vacuoles isolated from the vector control strain, with the light switched on and off. b Time course of the proton concentration with the vacuoles isolated from the strain expressing dR, with the light switched on and off. The bars indicate the differences in the proton concentration. The yellow area indicates the light-irradiated period at 100 µmol photons/m²/s