Fig. 5

Fp-EVs modulate Tregs and inflammatory cytokine expression in DSS-induced colitis mice (5–6 mice/group). (A) Flow cytometry analysis of the ratio of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ Tregs in colonic LPLs. (B) Bar charts showing the percentages of Tregs in colon samples from the control, DSS and DSS + Fp-EV groups. (C) mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12a, IL-17a, IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β in colon tissue (normalized to β-actin). (D-G), Serum IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 levels were measured by ELISA from the mice from the control, DSS and DSS + Fp-EV groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5–6). *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 vs. DSS group. LPL: lamina propria lymphocyte