Fig. 1
Biosynthesis of p-coumaric acid from glucose via the shikimate pathway in C. glutamicum. Required enzymes and genes are shown in boxes. Blue Boxes indicate the respective enzymatic activities involved in TYR biosynthesis via the shikimate pathway. Red boxes highlight the modifications of endogenous enzymes or genes, whereas green boxes indicate episomal expression of heterologous genes. Dashed arrows represent two or more catalytic steps. Abbreviations: AroF-S188C, mutated DAHP synthase AroF carrying the amino acid substitution S188C; aroHEc, DAHP synthase gene from E. coli for episomal expression; ANT anthranilate, ANS anthranilate synthase, aroK-GTG→ATG gene encoding shikimate kinase with start codon replacement (GTG→ATG), CHOS chorismate synthase, CSM chorismate mutase, DAHP 3-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate, DAHPS DAHP synthase, DHQD 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase, DHQS 3-dehydroquinate synthase, DHSD 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase, E4P erythrose-4-phosphate, EPSP 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate, EPSPS EPSP synthase, F6P fructose-6-phosphate, G3P glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, PCA protocatechuate, PD prephenate dehydratase, PDH pretyrosine dehydrogenase, PEP phosphoenolpyruvate, pheA-ATG→GTG gene encoding prephenate dehydratase with start codon replacement (ATG→GTG), QA quinate, QDH quinate dehydrogenase, Ru5P ribulose-5-phosphate, R5P ribose-5-phosphate, SA shikimate, SAK shikimate kinase, SDH shikimate dehydrogenase, S7P sedoheptulose-7-phosphate, TAL tyrosine ammonia-lyase, talFjCg codon-optimized gene encoding tyrosine ammonia-lyase from Flavobacterium johnsoniae for episomal expression, TrpE-P304S mutated anthranilate synthase component I (TrpE) carrying the amino acid substitution P304S, TRP tryptophan TYR, tyrosine, X5P xylulose-5-phosphate