Fig. 5

Effect of improved malonyl-CoA supply on production of kaempferol and quercetin. (a) Production of kaempferol, quercetin and dihydrokaempferol in different yeast strains. Cells were cultured in a defined minimal medium in shake flask conditions, and samples were taken after 72 h of growth for quercetin, dihydrokaempferol, and kaempferol detection. (b) Related yeast strains have been tested in defined minimal medium in shake flask with six discs of FeedBeads, releasing glucose slowly and constantly, instead of full glucose supplement. Samples were taken after 96 h of growth for naringenin, dihydrokaempferol, and kaempferol measurements. The black circle shows the existence of the gene in the strain, instead of the white circle representing its absence. Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparison test (* < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001). All data represent the mean ± standard deviation of 3 biologically independent samples