Fig. 6

Biosynthetic pathways of D-PA in C. glutamicum and the strategies for constructing the D-PA producing strain, and efficiencies for the corresponding genome editing using RAPID. a The red X represents the gene that was deleted, the blue boxes represent genes that were overexpressed by genomic integration using a strong promoter, and the green boxes represent genes that were overexpressed in a plasmid: ilvBN (acetohydroxy acid synthase), ilvC (ketol-acid reductoisomerase and ketopantoate reductase), ilvE (branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase), avtA (valine-pyruvate aminotransferase), aspB (aspartate aminotransferase), aspA (aspartate ammonia lyase from E. coli), ilvA (threonine dehydratase), panB (α-ketoisovalerate hydroxymethyltransferase from Bacillus subtilis), panC (pantothenate synthetase from B. subtilis), and panD (aspartate 1-decarboxylase from B. subtilis). b The efficiencies of the above-mentioned gene deletions and insertions. A 500‒800 bp fragment was normally deleted for gene inactivation, and a small fragment (here less than 600 bp) was replaced by the inserted gene cassette