Fig. 1From: Green immobilization and efficient proliferation of Escherichia coli cells in polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel membranes by unidirectional nanopore dehydrationBacteria-loaded and non-bacterial PVAHMs (dry state). a ECI-PVAHM (ϕ = 30 mm); b PVAHM (ϕ = 30 mm); c PVAHM prepared by a casting method (30 × 30 mm). The same volume of 10% PVA solution was casted on the plate in polypropylene box at room temperature for evaporation drying. The dried PVAHM is a casting film as a controlBack to article page