Table 1 Terpenoid production using different organelle compartmentalization strategies

Endoplasmic reticulum

S. cerevisiae

β-amyrin

N.A.

Knock out PAH1

[33]

Aedicagenic-28-O-glucoside

27.1 mg/L

Knock out PAH1

[33]

Artemisinic acid

N.A.

Knock out PAH1

[33]

Squalene

634 mg/L

Overexpression of INO2

[35]

Ginsenoside

12.1 mg/L

Overexpression of INO2

[35]

Lipid droplet

Y. Lipolytica

Lycopene

16 mg/g

Strengthen the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway and block the β-oxidation pathway

[47]

Squalene

731.18 mg/L

Co-overexpression of tHMG1 and DGA1

[53]

S. cerevisiae

Squalene

445.6 mg/L

Co-overexpression of tHMG1 and DGA1

[54]

Lycopene

2.37 g/L

(73.3 mg/g)

Strengthen the TAG pathway and modulate TAG fatty acyl composition

[49]

Ginsenoside

5 g/L

Target protopanaxadiol synthase to LDs and strengthen the TAG pathway

[44]

α-amyrin

1107.9 mg/L

Semi-rational design of MdOSC1, strengthen the MVA pathway and overexpress DGA1

[48]

Peroxisome

P. pastoris

Lycopene

73.9 mg/L

Target heterologous carotenogenic enzymes to peroxisomes

[74]

α-humulene

3.2 g/L

Introduce the α-humulene synthesis pathway to peroxisomes

[77]

S. cerevisiae

Squalene

11 g/L

Hybridization of the cytoplasm- and peroxisome-engineered strain

[63]

Geraniol

2.75 mg/L

Deletion of PEX30 and PEX32 and introduce the geraniol synthesis pathway into peroxisomes

[72]

5.5 g/L

Introduce a complete MVA pathway in peroxisomes

[75]

(R)-(+)-limonene

2.6 g/L

Introduce a complete MVA pathway in peroxisomes

[75]

Protopanaxadiol

N.A.

Knock out PEX11, PEX34, and ATG36

[73]

α-humulene

1726.78 mg/L

Introduce the α-humulene biosynthesis pathway into peroxisomes and block the expression of ERG9

[76]

β-Amyrin

2.6 g/L

Introduce the MVA pathway into peroxisomes

[78]

Mitochondrion

S. cerevisiae

Valencene

1.5 mg/L

Co-overexpression of tHMG1, mitochondrion-targeted heterologous FDP synthase and amorphadiene synthase

[84]

Amorphadiene

20 mg/L

Co-overexpression of tHMG1, mitochondrion-targeted heterologous FDP synthase and amorphadiene synthase

[84]

Amorpha-4,11-diene

427 mg/L

Introduce the amorpha-4,11-diene biosynthesis pathway to mitochondria

[86]

Linalool

21 mg/L

Dual mevalonate pathways in mitochondria and cytoplasm

[88]

Geraniol

43.3 mg/L

Introduce the geraniol biosynthetic pathway into mitochondria

[89]

Patchoulol

19.24 mg/L

Introduce the DMAPP pathway into mitochondria

[90]

Isoprene

2527 mg/L

Introduce the complete MVA pathway together with isoprene synthase (ISPS) into mitochondria

[91]

11.9 g/L

Dual regulation of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial acetyl-CoA utilization

[92]

Plasma membrane

S. cerevisiae

β-Ionone

184 mg/L

(32 mg/g)

Target the β-carotene cleavage dioxygenase to the membrane

[95]

E. coli

Astaxanthin

N.A.

Target CrtW and CrtZ to the membrane via a GlpF protein

[94]

Squalene

612 mg/L

Overexpression of TSR to expand membrane volume

[93]

β-carotene

44.2 mg/g DCW

Overexpression of ALMGS and PLSB/PLSC to increase membrane surface area and enhance membrane synthesis

[24]