Fig. 1

The effects of cel1b overexpression on cellulase activities, morphology, cell growth, and sporulation. A Cellulase activities and protein secretion at 168 h for T. reesei RUT-C30 and cel1b-overexpressing strains Rcel1B, OEcel1B-P_tcu1 (OEcel1B), and OEcel1B-P_bxl1 using promoter cbh1, tcu1 and bxl1, respectively. B Cellulase activities and protein secretion for T. reesei RUT-C30 and OEcel1B with or without 20 µM Cu²⁺. C Cell morphology at 168. Blue and red arrows indicated the spores and insoluble cellulose, respectively. Scale bar = 20 μm. D Cell growth. E Sporulation. All strains were cultured in TMM + 2% cellulose. Data are represented as the mean of three independent experiments, and error bars express the standard deviations. Asterisks indicate significant differences (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001) as assessed by Student’s t test