Fig. 3
The effects of alive, pasteurized A. muciniphila and its EVs on weight, pathology, and expression of liver injury-related genes in the liver of HFD-fed mice. a H&E staining of liver section (Yellow arrows: infiltration of inflammatory cells, yellow arrowheads: lipid droplets in microvesicular form, and white arrows: lipid droplets in macrovesicular form, scale bar is 50 µm). b Liver weight in ND, HFD, and treatment groups. c The concentration of ALT and AST in plasma of mice. d Relative mRNA expression of lipid metabolism and inflammation-related genes (ppar-γ, lpl, angptl4, tgf-β, and il-10). Data are presented as the mean ± SD, N = 7 per group. #p < 0.05; HFD vs. ND, ap < 0.05; bp < 0.01; treatment groups vs. HFD, and *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; among treatment groups were considered statistically significant, respectively. ND: normal diet + PBS, HFD: high fat diet + PBS, HAm: high fat diet + A. muciniphila (109 CFU), HPAm: high fat diet + pasteurized A. muciniphila (109 CFU), and HEV: high fat diet + EVs (10 µg protein)