Metabolic engineering for high yield synthesis of astaxanthin in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

Table 2 Strains of X. dendrorhous and S. cerevisiae genetically engineered to overproduce carotenoids/astaxanthin

Microorganism	Genetic modification scheme	Mutagenesis method	Targeted gene	Product	Yield (mg/g)	References
X. dendrorhous	None			Astaxanthin	0.2 to 0.4	[14, 44, 63]
	Random	EMS	Random	Astaxanthin	6.4	[4]
		NTG	Random	Astaxanthin	4	[79, 80]
		NTG	Random	Astaxanthin	0.5	[78]
		NTG		Astaxanthin	2	[82]
	Site-specific	Gene duplication	crtYB	β-Carotene	0.65	[89]
		Gene duplication	crtYB	Astaxanthin	0.49	[56]
		Inactivation	CYP61	Astaxanthin	0.28	[88]
		Gene duplication	crtE, crtS	β-Carotene	0.47	[59]
		Inactivation crtI/gene duplication	HMG1, crtE, crtYB	Phytoene	10	[58]
		Inactivation crtS/gene duplication	crtZ, crtYB	Zeaxanthin	5.2	[61]
		Gene duplication/NTG	crtYB, crtS	Astaxanthin	9.7	[66]
S. cerevisiae	Site-specific	Heterologous integration	crtYB, crtE, crtI	Lycopene	23	[92]
		Heterologous integration	crtE, crtYB, crtI	β-Carotene	6.01	[100]
		Heterologous integration/protein engineering	crtE, crtI, crtYB, crtZ, bkt	Astaxanthin	8.1	[96]

ISSN: 1475-2859