Fig. 3

The effect of vanillin on intracellular coenzymes and ATP. NAD⁺, NADH, NADP⁺ and NADPH content. Cells were cultivated at 30 °C, 200 rpm in SC-URA liquid medium with 5 mM vanillin for 15 h or without vanillin for 6 h when OD₆₀₀ reached to 1.6 (a), the ratio of NADH to NAD⁺, NADPH to NADP⁺ (b), the ratio of ATP to ADP (c). CDW, cell dry weight. V-BY4741 represents BY4741 under vanillin stress. Three independent replicates were performed for each sample. Data are the mean ± standard deviation of independent triplicate experiments. *P value < 0.05 and **P value < 0.01 in significance analysis using two-tailed Student t test