Table 1 Summary of lignocellulolytic enzyme production from various insects and ruminants gut microbes
S. no | Source | Substrate | Microbes | Enzyme activity | Conditions | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laccase | MnP | LiP | ||||||
Ligninolytic enzymes | ||||||||
1 | Rubber termite (Coptotermes curvignathus) | Kraft lignin | Lysinibacillus sp., (novel) | 70.67 U/L | 76.36 U/L | 196.07 U/L | SmF 30 °C, pH-7, 120 rpm and 5 to 7 days of incubation | [63] |
Acinetobacter sp. | 50.74 U/L | 49.39 U/L | 262.49 U/L | |||||
Bacillus sp. | 46.48 U/L | 36.06 U/L | 247.52 U/L | |||||
2 | Termite (Anacanthotermes) | Guaiacol | Bacillus sp. CF96 | 287.66 U/mL | – | – | SmF 37 °C, pH 8, 1% (v/v) inoculation and 4 days of incubation | [168] |
3 | Earthworm | Wheat bran | Bacillus safensis DSKK5 | 12.11 U/mL | – | – | SmF 37 °C, 200 rpm and 2 days of incubation | [62] |
4 | Termite (Amitermes hastatus) | Indulin AT (Kraft pine lignin) | Streptomyces sp. MV32 | 5.66 U/mL | – | – | SmF 30 °C, 160 rpm and 10 days of incubation | [65] |
5 | Termite (Bulbitermes sp.) | Saw dust | Aspergillus sp. A1 | 69.44 U/g | 43.18 U/g | 729.12 U/g | SSF 30 °C, pH 7.0 and 14 days of incubation | [67] |
Bacillus sp. B1 | 45.14 U/g | 47.73 U/g | 577.03 U/g | |||||
Bacillus sp. B2 | 71.18 U/g | 41.48 U/g | 500.99 U/g | |||||
6 | Cattle | Rapeseed | Rumen fluid microbial consortia | – | ≈ 85 U/L | – | SmF 37 °C, 170 rpm and 1 day of incubation | [115] |
S. No | Source | Substrate | Microbes | Enzyme activity | Conditions | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-glucosidase | Endoglucanase | Exoglucanase | Xylanase | ||||||
Cellulolytic and Hemicellulolytic enzymes | |||||||||
7 | Termite (Bulbitermes sp.) | Saw dust | Aspergillus sp. A1 | 22.97 U/g | 108.54 U/g | 1.8 U/g | 96.82 U/g | SSF 30 °C, pH 7.0 and 14 days of incubation | [67] |
Bacillus sp. B2 | 1.81 U/g | 10.02 U/g | 32.16 U/g | 66.33 U/g | |||||
Brevibacillus sp. Br3 | 5.45 U/g | 3.46 U/g | 14.19 U/g | 104.96 U/g | |||||
8 | Wood-feeding termite (Reticulitermes chinensis) | xylan or D-xylose | C. pseudorhagii SSA-1542 T | – | – | – | 1.73 U/mL | 30˚C and 3 days of incubation | [129] |
9 | African land snail (Achatina fulica) | Grass straw, CMC and Sugarcane bagasse | B. tequilensis G9 | ≈ 598 IU/mL | ≈130.75 IU/mL | ≈ 950 IU/mL | ≈ 110 IU/mL | SmF 150 rpm, 37 °C and 8–14 days of incubation | [169] |
10 | Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) | Saw dust | Klebsiella sp. MD21 | 78.45 IU/mL | 258.93 IU/mL | 13.41 IU/mL | 276.71 IU/mL | SmF 160 rpm, 37 °C for 14 days | [34] |
11 | Termite (Coptotermes formosanus) | Sawdust | Dyella sp. SSA-1562 T (Cf-S-11) | 6.52 U/mL | – | SSF 35 °C, pH 7 and 5 days of incubation | [20] | ||
Vanrija humicola SSA-1544 (Cf-S-17) | 6.06 U/mL | – | |||||||
SSA-6 microbial consortium | 15.96 U/mL | 14.6 U/mL | |||||||
12 | Earthworm (Perionyx excavatus) Glyphidrilus spelaeotes | cellulose | Bacterial isolates | 0.42 to 0.59 µM glucose/mL /min | – | SmF 30 °C and 2–28 days of incubation | [170] | ||