Table 1 Anthropometric profiles and laboratory measurements

Age (year)

10.96 ± 1.69

9.32 ± 1.84*

9.47 ± 1.68*

9.02 ± 2.14

Male (%)

65.2

50.8

54.8

42.9

Weight (kg)

61.4 ± 11.5

43.0 ± 14.6*

49.6 ± 12.4*

29.9 ± 8.5^#

BMI (kg/m²)

27.02 ± 2.75

21.80 ± 4.91*

24.65 ± 3.14*

16.11 ± 1.91^#

BMI-Z

2.81 ± 0.61

1.77 ± 1.53*

2.74 ± 0.60

− 0.16 ± 0.79^#

WHR

0.89 ± 0.05

0.86 ± 0.06

0.88 ± 0.05

0.84 ± 0.06^#

WHtR

0.55 ± 0.04

0.50 ± 0.06*

0.53 ± 0.04

0.43 ± 0.03^#

SBP (mmHg)

116.45 ± 8.77

101.52 ± 8.36*

105.51 ± 6.96*

94.48 ± 5.51^#

DBP (mmHg)

65.09 ± 5.72

62.57 ± 5.79

63.81 ± 6.45

60.38 ± 3.56#

FPG (mmol/L)

5.09 ± 0.67

4.87 ± 0.39

4.82 ± 0.38*

4.97 ± 0.40

TC (mmol/L)

4.54 ± 0.90

4.30 ± 0.62

4.39 ± 0.57

4.14 ± 0.69

TG (mmol/L)

1.62 ± 0.99

0.86 ± 0.30*

0.93 ± 0.33*

0.72 ± 0.19^#

LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.65 ± 0.66

2.31 ± 0.53*

2.45 ± 0.48

2.03 ± 0.54#

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.24 ± 0.24

1.58 ± 0.30*

1.51 ± 0.30*

1.71 ± 0.26^#

Leptin (μg/mL)

2.70 ± 1.48

2.23 ± 1.83

3.10 ± 1.65

0.51 ± 0.35*^#

TNF-α (pg/mL)

47.50 ± 25.63

48.48 ± 18.77

53.43 ± 17.88

38.59 ± 16.81^#

IL-6 (μg/mL)

1.76 ± 0.86

1.65 ± 0.93

1.86 ± 1.04

1.23 ± 0.42*^#

LBP (μg/mL)

34.8 (29.55, 41.20)

33.66 (27.01, 38.95)

33.28 (27.75, 41.22)

27.18 (22.02, 36.61)*^#