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TableĀ 4 Amino acid composition of yeast biomass obtained after fermentation on YPā€‰+ā€‰G or CHā€‰+ā€‰B medium

From: Production and characterization of yeasts grown on media composed of spruce-derived sugars and protein hydrolysates from chicken by-products

Ā 

C.jadinii

W. anomalus

B. adeninivorans

Thermosacc dryĀ®

Fish mealc

Soybean meald

Medium

YPā€‰+ā€‰G

CHā€‰+ā€‰B

YPā€‰+ā€‰G

CHā€‰+ā€‰B

YPā€‰+ā€‰G

CHā€‰+ā€‰B

YPā€‰+ā€‰G

CHā€‰+ā€‰B

Time (h)b

20

20

20

20

20

18

22

20

EAAsa

Ā Met, M

5.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2* Āŗ

6.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1* Āŗ

3.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1* Āŗ

4.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0* Āŗ

5.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0* Āŗ

5.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2* Āŗ

6.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1* Āŗ

7.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3*

16.1Āŗ

7.7*

Ā Thr, T

24.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.8

26.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3

21.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.8

21.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1

21.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1

23.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.0

21.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2

25.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.9

25.4

20.2

Ā Val, V

25.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0

29.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3

22.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.6*

24.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3

20.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2* Āŗ

21.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.8* Āŗ

25.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.6

25.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4

26.4

24.1

Ā Ile, I

21.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3

24.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4

20.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.9*

21.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0

16.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1* Āŗ

17.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.6* Āŗ

19.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.5* Āŗ

23.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2

23.7

23.1

Ā Leu, L

32.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.8* Āŗ

38.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.6

31ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.4* Āŗ

32.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2* Āŗ

33.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3* Āŗ

33.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.3* Āŗ

29.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4* Āŗ

35.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3*

42

39

Ā His, H

9.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0* Āŗ

11.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4

9.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1* Āŗ

13.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.8

8.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3* Āŗ

13.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3

8.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1* Āŗ

10.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2* Āŗ

11.8

13.5

Ā Lys, K

42.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.8Āŗ

39.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.5* Āŗ

42.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4

43.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0

26.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.9* Āŗ

31.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.7*

32.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.7*

36.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1* Āŗ

45.5Āŗ

32.3*

Ā Arg, R

31.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.7

28.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0

34.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.6

20.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2* Āŗ

21.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3* Āŗ

23.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.9* Āŗ

24.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4* Āŗ

23.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.6* Āŗ

35.3

37.4

Ā Phe, F

18.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.5*Āŗ

21.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4Āŗ

17.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.8*Āŗ

19.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.5Āŗ

14.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2*Āŗ

17.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.6*Āŗ

16.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3*Āŗ

18.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0*Āŗ

22.0Āŗ

26.5*

Ā Trp, W

6.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1

7.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0Āŗ

5.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3*

5.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1*

4.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0*

6.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1* Āŗ

5.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0* Āŗ

6.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1*

6.9

6.8

NEAAsa

Ā Asp, D

44.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.9*

46.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.6* Āŗ

48.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2

42.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.7* Āŗ

36.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.5* Āŗ

40ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.9* Āŗ

42.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.9* Āŗ

43.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.2* Āŗ

54.7

59.5

Ā Ser, S

23.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.1

24.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2

26.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0

23.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0

22.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2Āŗ

21.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.1* Āŗ

21.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1* Āŗ

22.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0

25.3

25.8

Ā Glu, E

72.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.8

76.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.8

68.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.7Āŗ

64.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.9Āŗ

69.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.7Āŗ

74.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰10.0

73.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.4

73.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.1

83.9

92.1

Ā Pro, P

22.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.7

18.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.6

23ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4

17.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.9

29.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.6

22.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.7

17.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2

19.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.6

23.1

24.1

Ā Gly, G

30.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.2Āŗ

23.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.6*

29.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.0Āŗ

20.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0*

24.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.7

19.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.3*

21.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.6*

21.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2*

30.8Āŗ

21.6*

Ā Tyr, Y

14.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.8

18.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.2Āŗ

15.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4

17.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.6

10.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2* Āŗ

12.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.6

12.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2

15.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1

15.2

14.7

Ā Cys, C

6.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.0

5.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2

3.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.1* Āŗ

4.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0Āŗ

3.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0* Āŗ

3.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2* Āŗ

4.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.0Āŗ

4.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4Āŗ

5.7

6.9

Ā Ala, A

28.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4*Āŗ

29.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3Āŗ

25.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4*

23.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3*

25.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4*

26.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.8*

25.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.9*

27.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2*Āŗ

32.6Āŗ

22.4*

Ā SUM AA

458.7

475.2

450

421

393.6

414.1

408

440.9

526.4

497.8

  1. Values are meanā€‰Ā±ā€‰SD (n=ā€‰2). ANOVA analyses were performed for each yeast grown on YPā€‰+ā€‰G or CHā€‰+ā€‰B, including a comparison of means for all pairs using Tukeyā€“Kramer HSD. Amino acids levels that differ significantly (Ī±ā€‰=ā€‰0.05) from levels in fish meal or soybean meal are marked by * and Āŗ, respectively. EAAs, essential amino acids; NEAAs, non-essential amino acids
  2. aAll values are in g/kg of dry matter
  3. bTime point (h) during batch fermentations where the yeast protein concentration (g/L) was at or close to its maximum
  4. cThe content of amino acids in fish meal (except tryptophan) was taken from Ref. [38]; the value for tryptophan comes from Ref. [39]
  5. dThe content of amino acids in soybean meal was taken from Ref. [40]