Fig. 4

Effect of base-regulation circuit (BSC) on sensing and regulating base conditions. a Work principle of BSC. E represents the sigma factor sigE and ASF represents anti-sigma factor. b pH fluctuation curves at different initial pH values during the cultivation of E. coli harboring the BSC and the control check (CK) E. coli without BSC. c Growth curves for E. coli with and without BSC. The data represent the mean of three biological replicates