Fig. 4

Impact of environmental and genetic perturbation on the spectrum of short-chain CoA thioesters and free coenzyme A in different microbes. The data show direct correlations in absolute CoA thioester levels between different strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum (a, b), Streptomyces albus (c, d), and Pseudomonas putida (e, f), and between glucose and glycerol grown Yarrowia lipolytica (g, h). The analysis comprised C. glutamicum LYS-9 and its succinyl-CoA synthetase deletion mutant LYS-9 ∆sucCD, which achieved a higher l-lysine yield, due to flux coupling of the l-lysine pathway with the disrupted TCA cycle (a, b) [15]. In comparison to the wild type S. albus J1074, the recombinant producer J1074/R2 formed the polyketide pamamycin from CoA thioester building blocks malonyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA, ethylmalonyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, and acetyl-CoA (c, d) [11]. In addition, the data comprise Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and its glucose dehydrogenase deficient mutant KT2440 ∆gcd (e, f) [13], and Yarrowia lipolytica Po1h::Af4 using glucose and glycerol as sole carbon source (g, h) [12]. The statistical significance for observed differences in CoA thioester levels (t-test p < 0.05) is marked by an asterisk. n = 3