Fig. 2
PHA-based nano-biocatalyst formation by co-expression of target enzyme (OPAA4301) and anchored proteins (PhaC and PhaP). a Schematic of plasmid construction for metabolic engineering and PHA surface engineering. b Fluorescence microscopy analysis of control recombinant E. coli carrying pACYCDuet-1 and pETDuet-opaa after staining with Nile blue. c Fluorescence microscopy analysis of E. coli carrying pACYC-phaAB and pETD-phaC indicates formation of PHA in the cells after induction. d Fluorescence microscopy analysis of E. coli carrying pACYC-phaAB and pETD-CP3opaa indicates formation of engineered PHA in the cells after induction. e Scanning electron microscopy analysis of purified PHA. f Transmission electron microscopy analysis of control recombinant E. coli cells carrying pACYCDuet-1 and pETDuet-opaa plasmids. g Transmission electron microscopy analysis of E. coli carrying pACYC-phaAB and pETD-phaC after induction. PHA granules are indicated by arrows. h Transmission electron microscopy analysis of E. coli carrying pACYC-phaAB and pETD-CP3opaa. PHA granules with diameters of 20–200 nm were observed. i Scanning electron microscopy analysis of purified CI-PHA