Fig. 1

The E. coli MES reaction chamber constructed and used in this research. a The MES chamber supplied with electricity. The white electrode represents the reference electrode, the green electrode is the cathode, and the red electrode is the anode. A needle equipped with a sterile 0.22 μm filter (yellow) is the nitrogen inlet, and there is a gas vent between the three electrodes. b The MES chamber without electricity supply used for the control experiments. c The schematic diagram of the MES chamber supplied with electricity. d The schematic diagram of the MES chamber without electricity supply used for the control experiments.