Fig. 5

Time profile of carbon source utilization and metabolite production of recombinant C. glutamicum H36GD1852 expressing the key genes encoding glutamate decarboxylase, xylose isomerase, and xylulokinase from E. coli under the strong synthetic promoter H36 in batch culture fermentation using chemical-grade sugars at pH 6 (a) and pH 7 (b), and empty fruit bunch biosugar at pH 6 (c) and pH 7 (d) with a glucose-to-xylose ratio of 90:10. Cell growth, green filled triangle; glucose, green open triangle; xylose, blue filled square; glutamate, purple open circle; GABA, purple filled circle