Fig. 1

Different modes of enzyme clustering in vivo. a Enzymes without specific spatial organization. b Enzyme clusters in natural metabolic pathways. Enzyme can form complexes with specific spatial structure that is capable of enhancing metabolic pathways. c Traditional direct fusion method clustering pathway enzymes. Enzymes are fused from end to end, forming a synthetic enzyme complex. d Clustering mode based on the interaction among biomolecules. Enzymes fused with specific adaptor can be recruited by medium molecules forming a metabolic microdomain