Table 3 Comparison of enzymatic characteristics among NFAmy13A and previously reported fungal α-amylases

Liquor starter (Fungus)

200.4

5–5.5

60

t_1/2: 1.5 h at 60 °C, 0.4 h at 70 °C; in the presence of 0.01 M CaCl₂, t_1/2: 16 h at 60 °C, 0.7 h at 70 °C

Co²⁺, Hg²⁺, SDS

Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺

Pichia pastoris

This study

Aspergillus awamori KT-11

78.9

4

50

ND

Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺

Fe²⁺

Native

[38]

Aspergillus flavus var. columnaris

ND

5

50

96% loss of activity in absence of Ca²⁺, 10% loss of activity in presence of 0.01 M CaCl₂ after incubation at 60 °C for 10 min

None

Ca²⁺

Native

[43]

Aspergillus fischerianus

2314.1

4.5

50

t_1/2: 17 min at 45 °C

Cu²⁺

Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺

Pichia pastoris

[23]

Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88

2.2

5.5–6.5

NA

Lost rapidly at above 35 °C for 10 min

Na⁺

None

Escherichia coli BL21

[21]

Aspergillus niger JGI 24

75

9

30

Around 20% loss of activity after incubation at 30 °C for 50 min

Na⁺, Mg²⁺

Ca²⁺,Co²⁺

Native

[32]

Aspergillus niveus

ND

6.0

65

t_1/2: 20 min at 70 °C

Hg²⁺, Ag⁺, Fe³⁺

Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mn²⁺, Mg²⁺

Native

[33]

Aspergillus oryzae ATCC 76080

410

4–5

50

Lost 80% activity after incubation at 50 °C for 30 min

Hg²⁺, DNFB, NBSI

None

Native

[39]

Aspergillus oryzae EMS-18

1987.7

5.0

40

ND

Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Na⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺ and Ba²⁺

Ca²⁺

Native

[44]

Aspergillus oryzae S2

5089.3, 6686.3

5.6

50

t_1/2: 60 min at 50 °C

Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, Ba²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Mo²⁺, and Mn²⁺

Ca²⁺

Native

[48]

Aspergillus tamarii

778.3

4.5–6.5

50–55

t_1/2: 30 min at 70 °C

Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ag⁺, Fe³⁺

None

Native

[53]

Geomyces pannorum

12,800

5.0

40

40% loss of activity after incubation at 50 °C for 10 min

Ni²⁺, EDTA, Methanol, Teween-20/80

Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺

Aspergillus oryzae

[22]

Malbranchea cinnamomea S168 amylose

2240.7

6.5

65

Around 50% loss of activity after incubation at 60 °C for 30 min

Hg²⁺, Cr³⁺

Mn²⁺, Co²⁺

Native

[40]

Paecilomyces variotii

612.5

4

60

t_1/2: 53 min at 60 °C

Cu²⁺, Al³⁺Fe³⁺, EDTA, K⁺, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺

Ca²⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺

Native

[34]

Pichia burtonii

ND

4

40

20% loss of activity after incubation at 50 °C for 30 min

Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺, Al³⁺, and Zn²⁺

None

Native

[41]

Preussia minima EL-14

138

9

25

ND

Na⁺, Mg²⁺

Mn²⁺, Ca²⁺

Native

[31]

Rhizopus oryzae

1123

4–6

60

50% loss of activity after incubation at 60 °C for 5 min

Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺,

Independence of Ca²⁺

Pichia pastoris

[24]

Rhizomucor pusillus GX-3

20,732

5

70

t_1/2: 75 min at 60 °C

ND

ND

Pichia pastoris

[25]

Saccharomycopsis fibuligera KZ, amylose

120–125

5–6

40–50

ND

ND

ND

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

[27]

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

ND

4

55

Around 80% loss of activity after incubation at 55 °C for 30 min

Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ba²⁺, Fe²⁺

Weakly stimulated by Ca²⁺

Native

[45]

Scytalidium thermophilum

5.6

6.0

60

t_1/2: 12 min at 60 °C

Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺

Independence of Ca²⁺

Native

[42]

Streptomyces megasporus

847.3

6

60

t_1/2: 2 h at 70 °C

Ag⁺, Ba²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, EDTA, Hg²⁺, Mg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺

None

Native

[35]

Thermobifida fusca NTU22

ND

7

60

25% loss of activity after incubation at 60 °C for 3 h

ND

ND

Pichia pastoris

[26]

Thermomyces lanuginosus

349

5

70

32 and 94% loss of activity after incubation at 50 °C for 2 and 18 h

Cu²⁺, FE³⁺

Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cd²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺

Native

[46]

Thermomyces lanuginosus

ND

5.6

65

At 65 °C (t_1/2: 0.6 h) the enzyme is nearly 8 times more stable in presence of Ca²⁺

None

Ca²⁺

Native

[47]

Thermomyces lanuginosus

ND

5.2

60

t_1/2: 140 min at 60 °C, 10 min at 70 °C

ND

ND

Native

[36]

Talaromyces pinophilus 1–95

673.1

4.0–5.0

55

60% loss of activity after incubation at 55 °C for 1 h

Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺

Co²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺

Native

[49]