Fig. 5

Deletion of PAD1 and FDC1 and the effect of this modification on GVL tolerance in a xylose fermenting yeast. We used a two-step PCR approach to simultaneously delete PAD1 and FDC1 in Y133, which are adjacent on chromosome IV (a), and confirmed deletion by PCR (b). GVL IC50 values of Y133 pad1Δ fdc1Δ versus Y133 (c, Mean ± SE, n = 3). Growth, sugar consumption, and ethanol production of Y133 pad1Δ fdc1Δ versus Y133 in synthetic hydrolysate medium containing 1.5% GVL under anaerobic conditions (d, Mean ± SE, n = 3). * Indicates where the engineered strain has significantly greater growth or ethanol production, or significantly less remaining sugars (p < 0.05)