Table 3 Process parameters for galactaric acid production at 0.5, 1, 10 and 250 L

Reactor volume (L)

0.5

1

10

250

Process time (h)

242

215

185

168

Inputs

 Lactose (g L⁻¹)

28

10

14

9

 Galacturonic acid (g L⁻¹)

21

 Pectin (g L⁻¹)

48.4

29.2

45.9

 Pectinase(s) (mL L⁻¹)

1

1

2

 Fungal cells (g L⁻¹)

1

1

1

1

 Air (vvm)

1.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

Output

 Galactaric acid (g L⁻¹)

21 ± 2

18

21

15

 Yield (g [g galacturonate]⁻¹)

1.0 ± 0.2

1.0

1.1

0.8

 Yield (g [g pectin]⁻¹)

0.41

0.73

0.32

 Biomass (g L⁻¹)^b

4 ± 1

9 ± 0.1

4 ± 0.1

8 ± 0.2

 Product recovery (kg)

0.014

0.15

2.8

 Product recovery (%)

68 ± 7

89

85

73