Fig. 6

Enhanced l-pipecolic acid production via fed-batch fermentation. The unfilled square represents OD₆₀₀, the filled triangle represents l-lysine titer (g/L), the filled square represents l-pipecolic acid titer (g/L). a The l-lysine production using BL21–dapA–lysC–lysA–pntAB via fed-batch fermentation. b The l-pipecolic acid production using BL21–dapA–lysC–lysA–pntAB–pipA via fed-batch fermentation