Table 1 An overview of literature on the production of GSH without addition of amino acid precursors by microorganisms

C. utilis

Classical selection

3–5 %

0.1–1 %

[14]

S. cerevisiae

S. cerevisiae

pGSR2518-x containing gshA of E. coli B fused with a S. cerevisiae promoter fragment P8 was used to transform S. cerevisiae YNN27

1.54 %

0.5 %

[17]

S. cerevisiae

A recombinant plasmid pGMF with GSH1 from S. cerevisiae was introduced into S. cerevisiae YSF-31

1.31 %

0.87 %

[18]

S. cerevisiae

Plasmids, pδAUR-GCS and pδAUR-GS, containing GSH1 and GSH2 from S. cerevisiae were linearized and integrated at δ-sites with high copy numbers into the ribosomal DNA of S. cerevisiae YPH499

1.51 %

1.03 %

[19]

Sulfate assimilation metabolism and GSH synthetic metabolism were combinatorially engineered in S. cerevisiae YPH499

1.83 %

S. cerevisiae

gshF derived from Streptococcus thermophilus was integrated at a high copy number into the ribosomal DNA of S. cerevisiae BY4741

54.9 μM/g DCW (1.69 %)

11.7 μM/g DCW (0.36 %)

[22]

P. pastoris

An integrative expression vector, pGAPZHGSH, containing GSH1 and GSH2 from S. cerevisiae regulated by GAP promoter was transformed into P. pastoris GS115

0.92 g (GSH)/L

[16]

94.98 g (DCW)/L (0.97 %)

P. pastoris

An integrative expression vector, pGAPZHGSH, containing GSH1 and GSH2 from S. cerevisiae regulated by GAP promoter was transformed into P. pastoris GS115

<0.05 mM/g DCW (<1.54 %)

<0.02 mM/g DCW (<0.61 %)

[21]

An integrative expression vector, pGAPZH-Lmgsh, containing gshF from Listeria monocytogenes regulated by GAP promoter was transformed into P. pastoris GS115

<0.04 mM/g DCW (<1.23 %)