The production of antibody fragments and antibody fusion proteins by yeasts and filamentous fungi

Table 1 Extracellular production of antibody fragments in prokaryotic expression systems.

Strains	Characteristics	Food grade	Production yields	References
Lactobacillus zeae	Gram⁺	yes	scFv, ND* (secreted/cell-bound)	[91]
Bacillus subtilis	Gram⁺	yes	10 to 15 mg/L scFv (secreted)	[143, 144]
Streptomyces lividans	Gram⁺	yes	1 mg/L Fv fragment (secreted)	[145, 146]
Staphylococcus carnosus	Gram⁺	yes	5–10 mg/L V_H domain (secreted)	[147]
Proteus mirabilis	Gram^-	no	40 to 200 mg/L scFv (secreted)	[148, 149]
Escherichia coli	Gram^-	no	Several fragments (inclusion bodies/periplasmic space)	[25, 34]

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