Systems solutions by lactic acid bacteria: from paradigms to practice

Table 2 Paradigms of the mobile and other genetic elements in LAB.

Function	Paradigm Element [Genes]	Discovery or Exploitations	References
Replication	pWV01/pSH71 [repAB]	Plasmid Vectors and Copy Number	[9–11]
Lactose Metabolism	pLP712 [lacFEG]	Controlled Expression; Food Grade Markers	[12–14]
High Frequency Conjugation	pLP712 [cluA]	Clumping and High Frequency Conjugal Transfer	[15]
Proteinase Production	pWV05 – pSK112 [prtPM]	Chaperon Function; Flavor Engineering	[16–18]
Citrate Metabolism	pCT176 [citP]	Citrate Transport; Flavor Engineering	[19]
Bacteriophage Resistance	pTR2030 [abiA-abiZ]	Bacteriophage Resistant Starters	[20–22]
Nisin and Phage Resistance	pNP40	Bacteriophage Resistance Starters	[23]
Sucrose-Nisin Transposon	Tn5276 [sac &nis operons]	Conjugal Transfer; Antimicrobial Strains; NICE system]	[24, 26]
EPS Production	pNZ4000 [eps operon]	EPS Priming Polymerase; Structure Engineering	[27]
Temperate Phage	Bacteriophage r1t	Temperature Controlled Expression	[28–30]
Mucus Binding	GGISL2 [spaCBA-srtA]	Genomic Island for Mucus Binding Pili	[31]
Phage and Plasmid Resistance	CRISPR-cas operon	Bacteriophage & Plasmid Immunity System	[32–34]
Production of SLP	SLP	Phase Variation and SLP Induced DC SIGN signalling	[35–37]

The canonical functions of the elements are provided with its genetic designation and, if appropriate, the relevant genes. Moreover, the potential impact of elements is indicated with key references. The elements include plasmids, transposons, genomic islands, gene cassettes or other discrete genomic sequences. NICE: Nisin Inducible Controlled Expression, SLP; Surface Layer Protein.

ISSN: 1475-2859