Table 1 Literature comparison on enzymatic building blocks recovery from textiles
Starting material | TS (% w/v) | Pre-treatment | Hydrolysis conditions | Building blocks recovery yields | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Textile post-industrial waste, 60% cotton—40% polyester | 3% | Mechanical: grinding (1 × 1 cm2). Chemical: 7% w/v NaOH and 12% w/v urea at − 20 ℃ for 6 h. Milling with hammer crusher-powder with diameter of less than 1 mm | Cellulases (Celluclast by Novozymes) and β-glucosidase (Sunson). Citrate buffer, pH 5, 50 °C, 350 rpm, 96 h | 98.3% | [11] |
Purchased textile fabric, 45% wool—55% polyester, 100% polyester | 2% | Mechanical: grinding (≤ 0.6 mm) | Proteases (Ronozyme ProAct) + 2% sodium thioglycolate. Two steps enzymatic hydrolysis, Tris–HCl buffer, pH 10, 50 °C, 6 h + 16 h | 90–100% weight loss | [36] |
Post-consumer textile waste, cotton, wool, polyester blends | 1.33% | Mechanical: grinding (1 mm) | Proteases. Tris–HCl buffer, pH9, 50 °C, 400 rpm, 48 h. Cellulase cocktail. Citric buffer, pH 4.8, 50 °C, 400 rpm, 120 h | 95% (wool), 85% (cellulose, 0.62 g/L of glucose) | [12] |
Purchased garnments,100% cotton | 5% | Mechanical: cutting, grinding (½ inch Ă— ½ inch); milling. Chemical: ozone 3.2% and 2% w/v NaOH and 1% v/v H2O2, 70 ℃,1 h | Cellic CTec3 cellulase cocktail (Novozymes). Sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer, pH 5.2, 50 °C, 12 rpm in rotating incubator, 96 h | 90% | [15] |
Purchased garnments,100% cotton | 5% | Mechanical: cotton grinding and mechanical refining (20,000 revs) | Cellic CTec 2 and CTec 3 cellulase cocktail (Novozymes). Sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer, pH 5.2, 50 °C, 12 rpm in rotating incubator, 96 h | 89.3% (Cellic Ctec2), 98.3% (Cellic CTec 3) | [13] |
Filling material for textiles, cotton and polyester blends | 5% | Mechanical: cutting and grinding. Chemical: 20% w/v NaOH, 1 h, room temperature | Cellulase cocktail NS59143 (Novozymes). Citric buffer, pH 5.0, 55 °C, 48 h | 99% | [33] |
Purchased garnments,100% cotton, blended | 1% | Mechanical: cutting. Chemical: 15% w/v NaOH; H2O2:acetic acid, 1:1; 15% w/v NaOH, 60% v/v ethanol | In-house produced RUT-30 cellulase, 45 °C, 120 rpm, 168 h | 99.1% | [22] |
Post-industrial cotton textile waste, 100% cotton | 7.5% | Mechanical: cutting and grinding. Chemical: recycled NaOH enriched wastewater effluent | Cellulase cocktail NS59150 (Novozymes). Citric buffer, pH 5.0, 150 rpm, 55 °C, 24 h | 90.46% ± 3.46 (74.96 ±  2.76 g/L of glucose) | Our work |