Fig. 5

Computing robustness over time. (a) Representation of ATP levels over time for individual cells during the course of the first 12 h of cultivation. Each line represents a single cell. A random cell has been highlighted in each chamber – XY02 (control), XY19 (1.5 min), XY35 (6 min), and XY65 (48 min). (b) Graphical overview of R(t) at both population (chamber) and single-cell levels. Elevated R(t) values denote a stable function over time. At the single-cell level, mean and standard deviation of a function (e.g. ATP) in each individual cell (A, B, C, D) for all points in time (t1, t2, t3) are computed and used to derive R(t). At the chamber level, for each condition (oscillation frequency) and replicate (chamber), the average of a function for all cells at each time point is calculated and then used to compute the averaged function in time. The latter serves to calculate the mean and standard deviation of that function over time