Table 1 Microbial crocetin/crocin production
From: Complete microbial synthesis of crocetin and crocins from glycerol in Escherichia coli
Production host | Type of product | Method of Synthesis | Carbon source | Titers/ Yields (g-product/g-carbon source) * | Culture type | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. cerevisiae | Crocetin | Total synthesis | Glucose | 6.28Â mg/L / 0.012% | Fed-batch bioreactor | [10] |
S. cerevisiae | Crocetin | Total synthesis | Glucose | 12.43 ± 0.62 mg/L / 0.017% | Fed-batch bioreactor | [36] |
S. cerevisiae | Crocetin | Total synthesis | Glucose, Galactose | 139.67 ± 2.24 µg/g-DCW** / - *** | Shake-flask | [37] |
E. coli | Crocetin | Total synthesis | Glycerol | 4.42Â mg/L / 0.029% | Shake-flask | [38] |
E. coli | Crocin-1 | Total synthesis | Glycerol | - | Shake-flask | [38] |
E. coli | Crocin-4 | Microbial biotransformation | Glucose | 12.5Â mg/L / 0.025% | Shake-flask | [18] |
E. coli | Crocin-1, Crocin-2 | Enzymatic Biotransformation | - | 476.8Â mg/L | NA**** | [8] |
E. coli | Crocetin | Total synthesis | Glycerol | 34.77 ± 1.03 mg/L / 0.173% | Batch bioreactor | This study |
E. coli | Crocin-1 | Total synthesis | Glycerol | 6.29 ± 0.19 mg/L / 0.031% | Batch bioreactor | This study |
E. coli | Crocin-2 | Total synthesis | Glycerol | 5.29 ± 0.24 mg/L / 0.026% | Batch bioreactor | This study |
E. coli | Crocin-3 | Total synthesis | Glycerol | 1.48 ± 0.10 mg/L / 0.007% | Batch bioreactor | This study |
E. coli | Crocin-4 | Total synthesis | Glycerol | 2.72 ± 0.13 mg/L / 0.013% | Batch bioreactor | This study |