Table 2 Carotenoids produced by non-conventional oleaginous yeast from lignocellulosic biomass

R. mucilaginosa

Carotenoids

1.13 mg/L

Sisal bagasse hydrolysate (121ºC, 3 h Sulphuric acid solution (5.5%) S/L ratio 1:10

[104]

R. pacifica INDKK

β -carotene

210.4 mg/L

5% (v/v) molasses supplemented with enzymatically hydrolysis alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (35% v/v).

[113]

R. toruloides ATCC 204091

β-Carotene

62 mg/L

57 mg/L

Waste ‘extract’ from fruit

peels and inedible/discarded parts of vegetables as culture medium

[119]

R. toruloides CBS 14

Carotenoids

1.99 mg/100 dry cell weight

Wheat straw Acid-soaked (1% acetic acid) steam explosion 190 ºC/Enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulases

[80]

R. toruloides CBS 14

β-Carotene

1.48 mg/100 dry cell weight

Wheat straw hydrolysate (steam explosion 190ºC 10 min; 1% acetic acidic (soaked overnight)

[80]

R. toruloides DSM 4444

β-Carotene

16 mg/mL

Camelina meal as carbon source (SSF)

[120]

R. toruloides NRRL Y-1091

(evolved by adaptive laboratory evolution

carotenoids

14.09 mg/g dry cell weight

Wheat straw, hydrothermal pretreatment (195º-45 min)

[91]

R. toruloides NRRL Y 1091

carotenoids

15 mg/L

Switchgrass (Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment

[111]

R. toruloides RP15

carotenoids

12.7 mg/L

Sugarcane bagasse (Diluted acid pretreatment)

[112]