Table 1 Recent literature on lipid production by oleaginous yeast from lignocellulosic biomass

C. curvatus

Rice straw

Pretreatment (Glycerol-FeCl₃)

Batch

46.8%

0.17 g lipid/g

8.8 g/L

[63]

C. curvatus DSM 70022

Wastepaper

Oxidising pretreatment

(hydrogen peroxide 120ºC-30 min)

Batch (Flask Erlenmeyer)

37.8%

0.234 g lipid/g

5.75 g/L

[64]

C. curvatus DSM 70022

Wastepaper pretreated (diluted acid)

Batch (Flask Erlenmeyer)

43.1%

0.141 g lipid/g

4.95 g/L

[64]

Cryptococcus sp MTCC 5455

Brassica juncea

Microwave-Assisted Dilute Alkali Pretreatment

Batch (Flask Erlenmeyer)

11.05 g/L

[65]

C. oleaginosum

Corn stover

Alkali organosolv pretreatment

(NaOH:Methanol, 80 ºC, 1 h)

Batch (Erlenmeyer Flask)

Fed-batch (2 pulses)

61.7%

0.18 g lipid/g

31.3 g/L

[66]

L. starkeyi

Sugarcane bagasse (hydrolysate)

1.5% sulfuric acid (w/v) at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:10 in an autoclave at 120 °C for 20 min

Batch (Erlenmeyer Flask)

Bioreactor (3 L)

Continuous

26.1%

27.3%

0.14 g lipid/g

0.18 g lipid/g

2.1- g/L

3.14 g/L

[67]

L. starkey DMS 90276

Sugarcane bagasse (hemicellulose hydrolysate)

Pretreatment dilute acid

(1.5% (w/v) H₂SO₄ at 120 C for 20 min)

Batch (Erlenmeyer Flask)

44.8%

0.16 g lipid/g

3.53 g/L

[68]

L. starkeyi DSM 70295

Oil palm empty fruit bunch

Alkali pretreatment (3.75 M NaOH, 120º C, 1 h)

Batch (Erlenmeyer Flask)

40%

0.162 g lipid/g

4.9 g/L

[69]

L. starkeyi NRRL Y-11557

Corn stover

Ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) pretreatment

Batch (Erlenmeyer Flask)

38%

0.14 g lipid/g

9 g/L

[70]

M. pulcherrima

Starch hydrolysate

Batch fermentation (250 L)

34.3%

0.21 g lipid/g

15.8 g/L

[71]

M. pulcherrima

Starch hydrolysate

Semi-continuous (250 L)

32.6%

0.16 g lipid/g

11.6 g/L

[71]

R. babjevae DVBPG 8058

Wheat straw hydrolysate (steam explosion 190ºC 10 min; 1% acetic acidic (soaked overnight)

Batch (0.5 L Bioreactor)

64.8%

0.24 g lipid/g

18.1 g/L

[72]

R. fluvialys

Sugarcane top (alkaline-hydrogen pretreatment)

Bath

63.1%

0.23 g lipid/g

19.1 g/L

[73]

R. fluvialys

Sugarcane top (alkaline-hydrogen pretreatment) plus crude glycerol

Fed-batch (3 L fermenter) (continuous fed crude glycerol solution)

61.4%

0.33 g lipid/g

23.6 g/L

[73]

R. glutinis

Corncob

Acid pretreatment (sulfuric acid + phosphoric acid, S/L ratio 1/3, 123ºC 60 min)

Batch (5 L fermentor)

High cell density culture with

two-stage nitrogen feeding strategy

47.2%

0.159 g lipid/g

33.5 g/L

[74]

R. glutinis +

C. pyrenoidosa

Cassava bagasse enzymatic hydrolysate (concentrated)

Batch (Erlenmeyer Flask)

58.73%

0.230 g lipid/g

17.7 g/L

[75]

R. taiwanensis

Corncob hydrolysate (sulphuric acid 2.5% 121 2.5 h) detoxified

Batch (5 L fermenter)

60.3%

0.056 g oil/g corncob

11.2 g/L

[76]

R. toruloides

Maple Wood

Alkali pretreatment

(NaOH 1%, S/L 1/10 (w/v) 121ºC 15 psi, 30 min)

Erlenmeyer

36.68%

n.a.

6.25 g/L

[77]

R. toruloides AS 2.1389

Corn stover

Dry acid pretreatment and biodetoxification

(2.5 g H₂SO₄/100 g dry corn stover; 175 °C, 5 min followed by biological detoxification process with

Amorphotheca resinae)

Flasks

SSLP (simultaneous saccharification lipid production)

PSSLP (prehydrolysis SSLP)

0.062 g/g corn stover

0.08 g/g corn stover

0.077 g/g corn stover

6.2 g/L

10.1 g/L

11.4 g/L

[78]

R. toruloides CBS 14

Wheat straw

Acid-based steam explosion

hydrolysate (10%) + crude glycerol

Batch (0.5 L Bioreactor)

46.8%

0.25 g lipid/g

10.6 g/L

[79]

R. toruloides CBS 14

Wheat straw Hydrolysate (steam explosion 190ºC 10 min; 1% acetic acid (soaked overnight)

Batch (0.5 L Bioreactor)

39.31%

0.15 g lipid/g

11.72 g/L

[72]

R. toruloides CBS 14

Wheat straw

Steam explosion

(Acid-soaked (1% acetic acid), steam explosion 190 °C, 10 min.)

Batch (2 L Bioreactor)

41%

0.13 g lipid/g

[80]

R. toruloides DSMZ 4444

Corn stover

(Combined pretreatment)

NaOH 80ºC 2 h)/sulfuric acid preimpregnation 2 h, 160ºC-10 min )

Batch

DO-Fed-batch

Pulse-Fed-batch

Online-FB

56.67%

59.81%

61.54%

58.76%

0.19 g lipid/g

0.23 g lipid/g

0.24 g lipid/g

0.29 g lipid/g

21.2 g/L

25.2 g/L

26.7 g/L

31.7 g/L

[ [81]

R. toruloides NRLL

Fir wood

(NaOH 1%, S/L 1/10 (w/v) 121ºC 15 psi, 30 min)

Batch (Erlenmeyer Flask)

35.24%

n.a.

6.88 g/L

[77]

R. toruloies CCT 7815

Eucalyptus urograndis Hemicellulose hydrolysate, 160ºC 195 min

Batch (Erlenmeyer Flask)

50%

0.13 g lipid/g

[82]

Trichosporium dermatis

Dilute acid corn stover

(1% w/w H₂SO₄ 160ºC-10 min), pretreated biomass without washing.

(1%H₂SO₄ 180ºC-10 min), pretreated biomass with washing.

Batch (Erlenmeyer Flask)

24.23%

45.06%

0.104 g lipid/g

0.156 g lipid/g

7.46 g/L

11.43 g/L

[83]

T. dermatis

Alkali pretreated corn stover (2% w/w, 120 ºC, 20 min

-pretreated biomass without washing

-pretreated biomass with washing

Batch (Erlenmeyer Flask)

28.4%

55.97%

0.101 g lipid/g

0.186 g lipid/g

6.81 g/L

20.36 g/L

[83]

T. oleaginosus

Shorghum stalk

Swithgrass

Alkali pretreatment

(10%, w/v loading solid, 1.25%, w/v NaOHa, 121ºC, 30 min, 1 h)

Batch (Erlenmeyer Flask)

60%

58%

0.29 g lipid/g

0.27 g lipid/g

13.1 g/L

12.3 g/L

[84]

Y. lipolytica

Grass Cyperus distans Hydrothermal pretreatment

(200ºC 60 min plus delignification with diluted alkaline)

Batch (5 L bioreactor)

53.62%

n.a.

10.58 g/L

[85]