Fig. 3

Normalized pDNA production envelopes for different maximal uptake rates of (a single) decoupling nutrient. Ca\(^{2+}\), Cl\(^{-}\), Co\(^{2+}\), Cu\(^{2+}\), Fe\(^{2+}\), K\(^{+}\), Mg\(^{2+}\), Mn\(^{2+}\), MoO\(_4^{2-}\), Ni\(^{2+}\), SO\(_4^{2-}\), and Zn\(^{2+}\) all result in identical sets of production envelopes. Note that all production envelopes include the line segment from (0|0) to (0|100). The inset shows the extreme points of a production envelope with a realistic pDNA production rate during biomass growth (red circle) and a potential 4-fold pDNA production rate increase (red cross)