Fig. 1

Quantitative prediction of metabolic capabilities of K. phaffii for 3-HP production from methanol. a Through the malonyl-CoA pathway. b Through the β-alanine pathway. A range of values for the specific growth rate was set, while limiting the system to different oxygen availability conditions. The 3-HP production was defined as the objective function to be maximized, obtaining the above phase planes after calculating the corresponding product yield for each predicted 3-HP production value. The color scale code indicates the specific oxygen uptake rate (q_O2), from 5 (yellow) to maximal value set at 8 mmol O₂ g_DCW⁻¹ h⁻¹ (dark blue). Y-axis represents the product yield (Υ_3-HP) (g_3-HP g_MetOH⁻¹), and the X-axis illustrates the growth rate (µ) (h⁻¹)