Table 3 Genes involved in metabolism of furfural in microbial biocatalysts
From: Mechanism of furfural toxicity and metabolic strategies to engineer tolerance in microbial strains
Organism | Conc | Target gene | Function | Culture conditions | Parameter tested∏ | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli | 1.5 g/L | thyA↑, lpcA↑, groESL↑ | thyA – thymidylate synthase; lpcA – D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate isomerase; groESL – chaperonin complex induced under heat shock | MOPS minimum medium with glucose | Biomass increase#: lpcA ~ 400% groESL ~ 100% | [34] |
10 mM | thyA↑ | -As before- | AM1 minimum medium with xylose | Ethanol titer: ND*; ~ 30 g/L | [52] | |
1.5 g/L | thyA↑, ahpC↑, yhjH↑ | ahpC – component of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase; yhjH – c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, regulation in switch from flagellar motility to sessile | MOPS minimum medium with glucose | Biomass increase#: yhjH ~ 300%, ahpC ~ 80% | [33] | |
1.25 g/L | mdtJI↑, sugE↑ | mdtJI – components of multidrug efflux transporter; sugE – proton coupled guanidium transporter | AM1 minimum medium with xylose | Biomass: ND*; mdtJI, sugE OD600 ~ 1.5 Ethanol productivity: 0.19 g/L/h*; mdtJI 0.42 g/L/h | [65] | |
10 mM | puuP↑, potE↑ | Proton dependent putrescine transporters | AM1 minimum medium with xylose | Ethanol titer: ND*; puuP, potE ~ 42 g/L | [66] | |
1 g/L+ | ∆pgi | Interconversion of G6P to F6P in glycolysis | AM1 minimum medium with glucose-xylose mixture | Ethanol titer: ~ 2 g/L*; pgi ~ 20 g/L | [68] | |
1 g/L | ∆yqhD, ∆dkgA | yqhD – aldehyde reductase; dkgA – methylglyoxal and beta-keto ester reductase | Acid treated sugarcane bagasse | Double mutant with 3 and tenfold higher biomass and ethanol, respectively, as compared to the control | [69] | |
1 g/L | pntAB↑ | Membrane bound proton translocating, pyridine nucleotide tranhydrogenase, reduces NADP + | AM1 medium with xylose | Biomass: < 0.1 g/L*; pntAB ~ 0.5 g/L | [71] | |
15 mM | fucO↑ | Reduces L-lactaldehyde to L-1,2-propanediol | Acid treated sugarcane bagasse | Ethanol titer: < 5 g/L*; fucO ~ 42 g/L | [105] | |
1 g/L | yghA↑ | Reductase activity toward butyraldehyde and decanal | AM1 with xylose | Ethanol productivity: ND*; yghA 0.72 g/L/h | [73] | |
2 g/L | mutant irrE↑ | Global regulator in radioresistance in Deinococcus radiodurans | Acid treated corn stover hydrolysate | Biomass: ND*; mutant irrE OD600 ~ 2.5 | [74] | |
10 mM | ucpA↑ | Predicted acetoin dehydrogenase | AM1 medium with xylose | Ethanol titer: 0.55 g/L*; ucpA 40.3 g/L | [118] | |
0.5 g/L | cysC, cysH, cysM, cysN, cysQ, metA, metB, metC, sbp, tauA, tauB, tauC, tauD^ | cysH, cysH, cysM, cysN, cysQ – involved in sulfur metabolism; metA, metB, metC – de novo methionine biosynthesis; sbp – high affinity uptake of sulfate and thiosulfate; tauA, tauB, tauC, tauD – taurine uptake system | AM1 medium with xylose | Biomass: ND*; Cysteine supplementation ~ 1.5 g/L | [71] | |
S. cerevisiae | 25 mM | ∆ZWF1, ∆GND1, ∆RPE1, ∆TKL1 | ZWF1 – glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GND1 – 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; RPE1 – D-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase; TKL1 – transketolase | SD medium with glucose | WT parent ~ 20% growth inhibition*; Deletion of each gene resulted in at least 80% growth inhibition | [47] |
30 mM | YAP1↑, GSH1↑, GLR1↑ | YAP1 – basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor; GSH1 – gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione biosynthesis; GLR1 – cytosolic and mitochondrial glutathione oxidoreductase | YPD medium with glucose | Biomass: OD600 < 0.1*; YAP1 OD600 ~ 0.8; GSH1 ~ 0.7; GLR1 ~ 0.7 | [54] | |
2 g/L | SPE3↑ | Spermidine synthase | Acid treated corn stover hydrolysate | Ethanol productivity: 0.13 g/L/h*; SPE3 – 0.24 g/L/h | [85] | |
4 g/L | GLR1↑, OYE2↑, ZWF1↑, IDP1↑ | OYE2 – FMN containing oxidoreductase; IDP1 – mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase | YPD medium with glucose | Biomass: OD600 ~ 0.8*; Overexpression of each gene separately ~ 1.0 Ethanol titer: ~ 35 g/L*; IDP1, GLR1 ~ 45 g/L; OYE1, ZWF1 ~ 40 g/L | [119] | |
15 mM | MSN2↑ | Stress-responsive transcriptional activator | SC medium with glucose | Biomass: OD600 ~ 3.5*; MSN2 ~ 6.0 | [120] | |
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii | 15 mM | bdhA↑ | Butanol dehydrogenase | LOD medium with maltose/cellobiose as carbon source | Biomass: 0.4 g/L*; bdhA 0.5 g/L | [95] |
Clostridium thermocellum | 10 mM | bdhA↑, speE↑ | speE – spermidine synthase | CTFUD medium with cellobiose | Biomass: OD600 ~ 0.3*; co-expression of bdhA speE ~ 0.9 Ethanol titer: 6 mM; co-expression of bdhA speE 7 mM | [90] |
Candida tropicalis | 1 g/L | ADH1↑ | Alcohol dehydrogenase | M9 medium with glucose | ~ 60% furfural removed from medium by control*; 100% furfural removed from medium by overexpression of ADH1 | [93] |
Zymomonas mobilis | 0.69 g/L | udhA (co-expressed with ZMO1771) | Soluble pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase, reduces NAD+ | Acid treated corn stover hydrolysate | Biomass: OD600 ~ 0.75*; co-expression of udhA ZMO1771 ~ 1.20 Ethanol titer: ~ 21 g/L*; co-expression of udhA ZMO1771 ~ 30 g/L | [91] |
Pseudomonas putida | 2 g/L (and 1 g/L 5-HMF) | psJN↑ | Oxidoreductase, converts aldehydes into corresponding acid | Acid treated corn stover hydrolysate | Biomass: OD600 ~ 0.5*; psJN ~ 2.5 | [103] |
20 mM | PP_RS19785↑, PP_RS18130↑ | Putative ABC-type transporters with efflux activity | Hydrolysate conditions | Biomass: OD600 ~ 9-fold (PP_RS19785) and 3.6-fold (PP_RS18130) higher as compared to the control | [104] |