Fig. 2
From: Mechanism of furfural toxicity and metabolic strategies to engineer tolerance in microbial strains
Cellular targets of furfural and 5-HMF. Generalized diagram of microbial metabolism with furfural targets highlighted in red. ↓ represents downregulation of function while ↑ represents an increase. Furfural is the major inhibitor as compared to 5-HMF. F represents furfural, ROS reactive oxygen species, G3P glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate, G3P-DH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase, AlDH aldehyde dehydrogenase, ADH alcohol dehydrogenase