Figure 5
From: The path to next generation biofuels: successes and challenges in the era of synthetic biology
Engineered pathways for microbial production of biofuels from bio-oil constituents glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol dissimilation pathway is shown in red. Fatty acids catabolism is shown in blue. The dashed line indicates multiple steps. || indicates gene knock-outs. Fuels are reported in red boxes. Genes in parenthesis indicate clostridial synthetic steps engineered in E. coli for butanol production. 2 [H] = NAD(P)H = FADH2 = H2. Gene/enzyme names: adhE, adhE1, adhE2, alcohol dehydrogenase; atoB, thiolase;dhaKLM, dihydroxyacetone kinase; bcd-etfAB, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase; fadA, 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase; fadB, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA epimerase; fadD, fatty acyl-CoA synthetase; fadE, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; fdhF, formate dehydrogenase; frdABCD, fumarate reductase; gldA, glycerol dehydrogenase; hbd, β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase; hycB-I, hydrogenase; ldhA, lactate dehydrogenase; lpdA-aceEF, pyruvate dehydrogenase; pflB, pyruvate formate lyase; pykF, pyruvate kinase; thil, thiolase. Abbreviations: DHA, dihydroxyacetone; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; PEP, posphoenol pyruvate.