From: Use of folding modulators to improve heterologous protein production in Escherichia coli
Recombinant protein | Effect of co-production of GroESL chaperones | Reference |
---|---|---|
Human procollagenase | GroESL increased production levels by 10-fold, solubility and half-life | [68] |
p50csk Protein-Tyrosine Kinase | Co-production enhanced solubility and activity of the protein by up to >50% | [69] |
Candida albicans PMI metalloenzyme | 2-fold increase in protein solubility | [70] |
α and β subunits of human propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) | Several hundred-fold increase in PCC specific activity; most of the protein produced in soluble form | [71] |
Human electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) | Co-production required for stable expression of ETF α G116R mutant | [72] |
β-glucosidase from Cellovibrio gilvus and Agrobacterium tumefaciens | Co-production resulted in slower growth rate and reduced yield but increased solubility of the proteins by 20–60% at 37°C and up to 70% at 25°C | [64] |
Cryj2 Japanese cedar pollen | Increased yield and solubility of expressed protein; 4-fold stabilisation of the protein in the presence of a 10-fold chaperone excess | [36] |
Human kinase inhibitor-GST fusion | Solubility of otherwise mostly insoluble protein enhanced by 5–6-fold | [73] |
Eukaryotic phenylalanine ammonia-lyase | Dramatically improved yield and activity of the protein after engineering of gene to remove E. coli rare codons | [74] |
Bovine adrenodoxin reductase (AdR) | Increased soluble AdR yield to 10 mg/l, compared with 4 mg/l with Hsp70 | [75] |
Cyanobacterium transcription factor | 3–4-fold increase in solubility | [76] |
Thermococcus litoralis 4-α-glucanotransferase (GTase) | Co-production of GroESL with tRNAAGA and tRNAAGG led to 5-fold increase in GTase activity in soluble fraction; yield otherwise lower and 60% insoluble | [77] |
Agrobacterium radiobacter carbamoylase | 4-fold increase in activity due to improved solubility | [39] |
Human cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7) | Increased expression levels and activity of the otherwise inactive protein | [78] |
Decarboxylase component of human α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex | Co-production of GroEL or GroES resulted in increase in decarboxylase activity by 500-fold and 30-fold, respectively | [79] |
Maize plastidic protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) | 6-fold increase in soluble PPO yield | [80] |
Manganese catalase from Thermus sp. | Increased solubility (up to 50%) with GroESL | [81] |
p66 and p51 subunits of HIV-1 RTase | Yield and nucleic acid affinity increased by 4–5- and 1.6-fold, respectively | [82] |
Anti-digoxin Fab antibody fragment | 4-fold increase in solubility of the Fab produced in E. coli Origami strain | [19] |
Agrobacterium tumefaciens D-carbamoylase (DCB) | Increase in solubility of DCB up to 60% and activity by 6.2-fold at 28°C; at 25°C protein solubility increased to 75% and activity by 4.5-fold | [83] |
Guinea pig NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase | 3-fold increase in solubility | [84] |
Aconitase | Solubility and activity increased to 40% and by 1.5-fold, respectively | [58] |
Rhodococcus erythropolis desulfinase | Solubility of the protein increased up to 40–50% and activity by 25-fold | [85] |
E. coli glutamate racemase (GluR) | Growth of host cells improved; 2.2-fold increase in yield of active GluR | [86] |
Pseudomonas putida F61 nicotinoprotein formaldehyde dismutase (NDF) | With tac promoter, increased solubility (up to 80%) and 6-fold higher enzyme activity; lesser effect when NDF expressed under the lac promoter | [61] |
Human PP2A methyltransferase | 24-fold increase in solubility | [87] |
Oligo-1,6-glucosidase from Bacillus thermoglucosidasius | Specific activity increased by 44%, 56% and 56% with co-production of GroES, GroEL and GroESL, respectively | [43] |
Cyclodextrin gluanotransferase (CGTase) from Bacillus macerans | Increase in solubility and activity of CGTase by 12% and 1.5-fold, respectively, at 37°C and by 22% and 1.3-fold, respectively, at 25°C | |
Rhizobium sp. α-1,6-fucosyltransferase | At 30°C, improved folding and an increase in specific activity by 1.76-fold | [90] |
Mouse CYP27B1 protein | 10-fold increase in the yield of stable and active protein | [91] |
Pyridoxine 4-oxidase (PNO) from Microbacterium luteolum | No benefit of GroESL at 37°C; co-production at 23°C enhanced solubility and specific activity of PNO by 1.9-fold and 3.9-fold, respectively | [92] |
Pyridoxal 4-dehydrogenase from Microbacterium luteolum | Co-production at 20°C led to reduced amounts of insoluble protein and increased specific activity by 9.1-fold | [93] |
Alcaligenes xylosoxydans N-acyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolases | Enzymatic activity of the proteins increased from 7.8 to 72.4 U/mg and 7.1 to 22.7 U/mg, respectively, at 30°C | [21] |
Human aromatase (P450arom, CYP19) NmA264C and NmA264R mutants | No improvement with NmA264C; production of NmA264R greatly enhanced (up to 400 nmol/l) | [94] |
scFv specific for c-Met | Solubility increased 2-fold in E. coli Origami2(DE3) but not in BL21(DE3) | [95] |
Yeast mitochondrial aconitase | Increased solubility at 25°C with no change in total yield | [96] |
human prolyl hydroxylase isoenzyme | 2-fold increase in solubility when produced at 30°C | [97] |
Pig liver esterase γ-isoenzyme (PLE) | Enhanced yield of soluble and active PLE in E. coli Origami (DE3) | [98] |
Soybean seed ferritin complex | Increased solubility of H-1 subunit from 4 to 39% and H-2 subunit from 19 to 85% | [99] |
Human 11β hydroxylase | 20- to 40-fold increase in yield in half the production time | [100] |
Human glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and mutants | Negligible effect on expression of wild type G6PD but activities of two mutants were enhanced by 48–160% and 39–118% at 37°C and 31°C, respectively | [101] |