Fig. 1
The effects of alive, pasteurized A. muciniphila and its EVs on prevention of HFD-induced increase in body weight, food intake and plasma metabolic parameters in HFD-fed mice. a Experimental scheme, b Body weight, and c Average daily food intake in ND, HFD, and treatment groups. d The concentration levels of metabolic parameters e.g., Glucose, Triglyceride, Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) in the plasma of mice. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, N = 7 per group. #p < 0.05; HFD vs. ND, ap < 0.05; bp < 0.01; treatment groups vs. HFD, and *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; among treatment groups were considered statistically significant, respectively. ND: normal diet + PBS, HFD: high fat diet + PBS, HAm: high fat diet + A. muciniphila (109 CFU), HPAm: high fat diet + pasteurized A. muciniphila (109 CFU), and HEV: high fat diet + EVs (10 µg protein)