Fig. 4

Evaluation of bioconversion into t-CA at a bioreactor scale (2 L). a Time profile of batch cultivation. Symbols: open circle, optical density (OD) at 600 nm of C. glutamicum harboring pHCMS-SmPAL. The dashed line indicates the induction point. b Bioconversion profile at pH 7.5. Symbols: closed circle, l-Phe; closed square, t-CA. c Optimization of pH for enhancing conversion efficiency for t-CA with different base solutions. Symbols: closed triangle down, reaction at pH 8.5 with 5 M ammonia salutation; closed triangle up, reaction at pH 8.5 with 10 M NaOH. b and c Purple indicates concentration of l-Phe and orange indicates concentration of t-CA. Results are the mean of duplicate experiments and error bars indicates standard deviations