A critical review on various feedstocks as sustainable substrates for biosurfactants production: a way towards cleaner production

Table 1 Biosurfactant production from various feedstocks and microorganism used

Feedstock	Microorganism used	Type of biosurfactant	Applications	References
Fruit and vegetable waste	Halobacteriaceae archaeon Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacillus subtilis	Lipopeptides Rhamnolipids Surfactin	Can be used in bioremediation of oil contaminated sites, cosmetic industry, and pharmaceutical industries	Kumar et al. [75]; Paraszkiewicz et al. [128] Varjani and Upasani [10]
Starch rich waste	Bacillus subtilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Surfactin Rhamnolipids	Reported use in oil recovery, environmental protection, and pharmaceutical industries	de Andrade et al. [78] Sharma et al. [9]
Frying oil waste	Candida bombicola Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Sophorolipids Rhamnolipids	Potential in environmental applications, bioremediation of oil and hydrocarbon contaminated sites	Hasanizadeh et al. [129]; Ozdal et al. [92] Santos et al. [130]
Oil processing waste and by-products	Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacillus subtilis	Rhamnolipids Lipopeptides	Remediation of oil and hydrocarbon contaminated sites	Lourenço et al. [131] Jadhav et al. [93] Varjani et al. [64]
Lignocellulosic wastes	Candida bombicola Starmerella bombicola	Sophorolipids	Potential in environmental applications	Chen et al. [91] Marcelino et al. [100] Kaur et al. [132]
Kitchen organic waste	Pseudomonas aeruginosa Starmerella bombicola	Rhamnolipid Sophorolipid	Reported to be used in development of waste-based bio-processes	Li et al. [133]; Zhao et al. [62] Liu et al. [134]; Marcelino et al. [100]

ISSN: 1475-2859