Table 2 Glycoconjugates producing microorganisms and the associated techniques

Pseudomonas aeruginosa MA01

Glycolipid

Monorhamnolipid, dirhamnolipid

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thin layer chromatography (TLC)

[74]

Acinetobacter baumannii

Glycolipid

Palmitic and phthalic acid

FTIR, gas chromatography and masss pectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

[17]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa PG1

Glycolipid

Mono and di rhamnolipid congeners

FTIR, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS)

[9]

Pseudomonas sp.

Glycolipid

Rhamnolipid

FTIR spectra analysis

[75]

Pseudoxanthomonas sp. G3

Glycolipid

Rhamnolipid type

FTIR spectra analysis

[76]

Lactobacillus casei

Glycoprotein

Glycoprotein

FTIR and NuPAGE method

[77]

Vibrio sp. 3B-2

Glycoprotein

Glycoprotein

Chemical method, spectrometric characterization

[78]

Candida bombicola ATCC 22,214

Glycolipid

Sophorolipid

NMR, high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and MALDI ToF MS

[79]

Starmerella bombicola

Glycolipid

Sophorolipid

FTIR

[80]

Rhodococcus sp. PML026

Glycolipid

Trehalolipids

LC-MS

[81]

Rhodococcus sp. PML026

Glycolipid

Trehalolipids

Chemical analysis

[82]

Cryptococcus Humicola JCM 1461

Glycolipid

Cellobiose lipid

Chemical analysis

[83]

Streptomyces sp. DPUA 1559

Glycoprotein

Low mol. wt. glycoprotein

Electrophoretic analysis

[84]

Ochrobactrum anthropi HM-1

Glycolipid

Rhamnolipid type

TLC and FTIR spectra analysis

[85]

Citrobacter freundii HM-2

Glycolipid

Rhamnolipid type

TLC and FTIR spectra analysis

[85]

Lactobacillus

Glycoprotein

--

TLC and FTIR

[86]

Pseudomonas isolate DYNA270

Glycolipid

Rhamnolipids

Mass spectrometry

[87]

Streptomyces nocardiopsis A17, Bacillus subtilis ICA56

Glycerol

Biosurfactant

TLC and LC-MS

[88]

Bacillus psudomycoides BS6

Lipopeptide

Fatty acid 3-OH and peptide of five amino acid

TLC and FTIR

[89]

Bacillus subtilis B20, B. subtilis B30

Glycolipopeptide

Surfactin

Pedant drop method, Lyophilization

[29]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Glycolipid

Rhamnolipid

[90]

P. aeruginosa MA01

Glycolipid

Monorhamnolipid

FTIR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)

[74]

Klebsiella pneumonae WME02

Phospholipid

biosurfactant

Biochemical characterization

[91]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa DS10-129

Glycolipid

Rhamnolipid

Mass spectrometry

[92]

Candia lipolytica IA 1055

Glycolipid

Sophorolipid

Emulsification, spectrophotometer

[93]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Glycolipid

Rhamnolipid

Spectrophotometer

[94]

Serratia marcescens UCP 1549

Glycolipid

Biosurfactant

Emulsification

[95]

Bacillus subtilis

Glycolipopeptide

Cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactant

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), emulsification

[96, 97]

Candia lipolytica UCP0988

Glycolipid

Sophorolipids

TLC, HPLC-ESI-MS

[90]

Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus SdK644

Glycolipid

Biosurfactant

GC-MS, FTIR

[98]

Paenibacillus sp. D9

Glycolipopeptide

Biosurfactant

Emulsification

[31, 97]

Pseudozyma aphidis ZJUDM34

Glycolipid

Mannosylerythritol lipids

TLC, GC-MS

[99]

Bacillus subtilis, Paenibacillus sp. D9

Glycolipopeptide

Surface active biosurfactant

Gene cloning and expression, affinity chromatography

[30, 97]