Fig. 3

a RK production by CR5 strain in FAs medium using both fermentation and bioconversion strategy. M9-FAs medium containing 5 mM p-coumaric acid was used for fermentation. CM medium was used for bioconversion. CR5 was induced first in CM medium and harvested, then suspended in CM-FAs medium containing 5 mM p-coumaric acid (OD₆₀₀ = 30). Fermentations and bioconversion were performed at 30 °C and 200 rpm. b Comparison of biomass in the different fermentation medium. CM medium, M9-glucose, and M9-FAs medium containing 5 mM p-coumaric acid were used for fermentation. Fermentations were performed at 30 °C and 200 rpm for 48 h