Fig. 7

Effects of E. coli KUB-36 metabolites and its individual SCFA on inflammatory cytokine gene expressions of LPS stimulated THP-1 macrophage cells. a Inflammatory cytokine IL-1β expression. b Inflammatory cytokine IL-6 expression. c Inflammatory cytokine IL-8 expression and d inflammatory cytokine TNF-α expression. IC₅₀ values of E. coli KUB-36 metabolites and its individual SCFA were used in this experiment [E. coli metabolite; IC₅₀ = 68.90%, Acetic acid; IC₅₀ = 51.30% (12.26 mM); Butyric acid; IC₅₀ = 59.88% (1.80 mM); Isobutyric acid; IC₅₀ = 67.07% (1.13 mM); Propionic acid; IC₅₀ = 63.63% (1.37 mM); Valeric acid; IC₅₀ = 60.08% (1.70 mM); Isovaleric acid; IC₅₀ = 58.27% (1.62 mM); Caproic acid; IC₅₀ = 61.56% (2.23 mM)]. THP-1 macrophages cells were treated with E. coli KUB-36 metabolites and its individual SCFA for 3 h before exposure to LPS for 6 h. Inflammatory cytokine gene expression was expressed relative to THP-1 macrophages cells stimulated by control LPS, which was calculated by 2^−ΔΔCt method. Data are plotted as average values of relative fold change ± standard error. Different lowercase superscript letters (a–d) shown in the column indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between mean scores of each column from 6 replicates