Table 1 Physico-chemical properties of the flocculant stock solutions used in the study
Flocculant | Supplied form | Concentration (mg L−1) | Density (kg m−3) | Surface tension (mN m−1) | aMolecular weight (106 Da) | aCharge density (mol%) | pH | Zeta potential (mV) | Viscosity (mPa s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AL | Powder | 10,000 | 1027 | 45.30 | – | – | 3.33 | − 0.52 | 1.08 |
BN | Powder | 10,000 | 1139 | 59.11 | – | – | 9.49 | − 39.70 | 4.74 |
ES | Powder | 20,000 | 1012 | 55.10 | – | – | 7.23 | − 3.35 | 0.93 |
LC | Powder | 20,000 | 1017 | 53.62 | – | – | 6.61 | − 1.00 | 0.95 |
PAM1 | Powder | 2000 | 1059 | 66.27 | Very high | Medium-High | 4.49 | 84.00 | 19.17 |
PAM2 | Powder | 2000 | 1010 | 71.06 | 4.9–7.4 | 30 | 3.52 | 48.50 | 9.98 |
PAM3 | Powder | 2000 | 1025 | 56.76 | High | Low-Medium | 4.22 | 60.00 | 13.27 |
PAM4 | Powder | 2000 | 1036 | 70.88 | Medium-High | Low-Medium | 5.45 | − 89.00 | 17.48 |
PAM5 | Powder | 2000 | 1146 | 51.46 | Low | Low | 6.50 | − 83.70 | 16.58 |
PolyA | Liquid | 40,000 | 1020 | 45.29 | – | High | 4.34 | 41.20 | 5.07 |
PolyV | Liquid | 40,000 | 1009 | 63.91 | – | High | 8.12 | 31.53 | 4.48 |
SS | Powder | 8000 | 1007 | 71.92 | – | – | 6.90 | − 14.80 | 1.34 |