Table 1 Selected benchmark companies making next-generation biofuels

Photosynthetic

 Algenol

Algal production of ethanol, gasoline, jet and diesel fuels

https://www.algenol.com/

 Joule Biotechnologies

Algal production of hydrocarbon-based fuel

www.joulebio.com/

 Sapphire energy

Crude oil production from algae

https://sapphireenergy.co.uk/

 Synthetic genomics

Conversion of cellulosic biomass into advanced biofuels

https://syntheticgenomics.com/

 TerraVia (Solazyme)

Oil production using engineered microalgae from plant-based sugars

https://www.solazyme.com/

Fermentative

 Amyris biotechnologies

Renewable fuels with 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions

https://amyris.com/

 Gevo

Conversion of cellulosic feedstocks into alternative fuels such as isobutanol

https://gevo.com/

 C3 Biotech

Engineering Nature to bio-manufacture hydrocarbon fuels and ethanol from major industrial wastes

https://c3biotech.com/

 Global bioenergies

Conversion of waste biomass to glucose for the fermentative production of isobutene

https://www.global-bioenergies.com/

 LS9, Inc^a

Production of biomass-based diesel, renewable chemicals and advanced biofuels

https://www.regi.com

 Mascoma

Single step conversion of cellulosic feedstocks into bioethanol using engineered yeast and bacteria

https://www.mascoma.com/

Cell-free enzymatic bioprocess

 Codexis

Conversion of renewable non-food biomass resources into transportation fuels using customised enzymes

https://www.codexis.com/

Synthetic chemistry from non-fossil fuel biomass

 Butamax® advanced biofuels

Biomass conversion into bio-isobutanol production

https://www.butamax.com/

 Nesté

Renewable diesel and aviation fuel

https://www.neste.com/en